When one generalizes his/her observation about an individual to groups or organization.

Occurs when researcher try to disregard other unit of analysis. Ex: Only Studying 1st Year Criminology students.

The data collected cover only one short period, collected in one time. It is more simple and convenient. One to two years only.

Collect data from a respondent over a long period of time. More than 10 years.

Theres cha ges of frequency of an event over a long period of time. The changes of data of one variable.

collect data from the same sample respondents for 2 or more periods of time.

The researcher tries to study using a specific subpopulations only and not the total number of population as they change over time.

is a method that collects data from a sample of a population by asking questions in order to describe some characteristics of that population. The oldest method of research methods yet still effective till this day.

researchers analyze the data that have been routinely collected by different criminal justice agencies or other organizations that conduct surveys. An already existing data.

investigates whether an independent variable produces an effect on another variable by manipulating the independent variable. This use a controlled environment.

This type of research tells the story of one or more individual's life. In criminological research, criminal justice actors (e.g., criminals) are given a chance to tell their stories using their own perspective or Biography.

This qualitative research extract the essence of their lived experience commonly through interviews. Interview atleast 5 to 25 informants, but still dependent on "data saturation".

This qualitative research aims to develop a theory based on the views or perspective of serveral participants. This type of study conducts interview with 20-60 individuals.

Qualitative research that nterprets the patterns of a group's culture over time.

This research makes use of longitudinal study

Qualitative research that conduct an in-depth analysis on an individual's event, program, or activity. Analyze an already existing case

Case analysis also uses this type of study

It is a prediction of possible outcome of the study. It is not final but a self perspective. It is known as "Positive Prediction"

This is known as "Negative Prediction" it states no relationship between two variables.

Is arrived when the data gathered reject both the research hypothesis and the null hypothesis and provides an alternative answer to the research question. None of the hypothesis matches the result.

It is the subcategory of variable

This serves as respndent on your survey

Example of Variables

This type of variable's attributes are different from each yet no rank.

Compromise variable whose attributes differ, have ranks but have no distance.

comprise variables whose attributes differ, have ranks and distance, but have no absolute zero point.

comprise variables whose attributes differ, have ranks, distance, and absolute zero point. Ex: Age (0, 1, 5, 10, 30 years old), Number of crimes committed (0) crime, 1 crime, 3 crimes), Monthly

is the variable that is expected to affect the dependent variable. (cause)

the variable that depends on or is affected by the independent variable. (effect)

choosing a smaller group from the population to conduct research.

sampling design that gives equal probability or chance to each item or individual in the population of being selected in the study.

This is the simplest probability sampling method. The researcher needs only is the complete list, random numbers table (this can be search on the internet) to facilitate the random selection of police officers whom a survey is conducted.

popular alternative to simple random sampling sometimes called as "pseudo- random" selection.

to achieve variance between and homogeneity within strata or within a group, the researcher can note that the size of the sample elements in a stratum must be relatively proportional to the size of the population of elements of the stratum.

used to arrive at a representative sample of a population which have not been compiled in a list. This select sample units twice, thrice, or more at different stages or units of analysis.

researcher selects respondents who are nearest to him or available to him, and, thus, affords him with the ease of selecting respondents but at the risk of not achieving

picking respondents who are most knowledgeable or those who have more experiences with a phenomenon of interest.

the researcher first approaches a known participant who has experienced the researcher's phenomenon of interest.

this is the same with the stratified sampling method. This method uses convenience sampling or purposive sampling.

This is sometimes the case of crime causation because the field criminology is MULTIDISCIPLINARY.