Discovered nucleic acid while studying the nuclei of white blood cells

- make up your genes - provide the basic BLUEPRINT of life -They not only determined what type of organism you would be, but also directed your growth and development-and they did this largely by dictating protein structure

3 PARTS OF NUCLEOTIDE

● composed of ____, ____, ____, _____, and _______ atoms ● are the largest biological molecules in the body. nucleotides (nu'kle-o-ti dz) - building blocks

● ___ and ___ are large, nitrogen- containing bases made up of two carbon rings ● ___, ___ and ___ are smaller, single-ring structures.

• ALL ARE FOUND WITHIN THE NUCLEUS • STORAGE AND TRANSFER OF GENETIC INFORMATION • DNA CONTROLS LIVING PROCESSES INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF NEWS CELLS - CELL DIVISION

• Occurs in all parts of a cell • For protein synthesis

DNA

RNA

NUCLEIC ACID ➢ Contains monomer units called _______

➢ Pentose sugar bonded to both a phosphate ➢ group and a nitrogen-containing base ➢ Structure building ➢ blocks for nucleic acids

• Sugar unit of a nucleotide • 2 types present in nucleotides

3 pyrimidine derivatives:

2 purine derivatives:

Found in both DNA and RNA

FOUND IN RNA ONLY

FOUND IN DNA ONLY

• 3rd component of a nucleotide • Derived from phosphoric acid (H3P04)

NUCLEOTIDE FORMATION 2 steps: • The pentose sugar and nitrogen-containing base react to form a two-subunit entity called a _______ • Nucleoside reacts with a phosphate group to form the 3- subunit entity called a _______

For pyrimidine bases • Use suffix - ____ For purine bases • Use suffix -____

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are the chemical carriers of ________ • Nucleic acids are _________ made of nucleotides, aldopentoses linked to a purine or pyrimidine and a phosphate

Base Pairing in DNA: The _____-______ Model • In 1953 _____ and ____ noted that DNA consists of two polynucleotide strands, running in opposite directions and coiled around each other in a double helix • Strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between specific pairs of bases • Adenine (A) and thymine (T) form strong hydrogen bonds to each other but not to C or G • (G) and cytosine (C) form strong hydrogen bonds to each other but not to A or T

• In 1953 Watson and Crick noted that DNA consists of ___ polynucleotide strands, running in _____ directions and ____ around each other in a double helix

Strands are held together by _________ between specific pairs of bases

Chain is described from __' end, identifying the bases in order of occurrence, using the abbreviations:

The sides of the ladder are:

The steps of the ladder are C, G, T, A =

The DNA is only organized into chromosomes during cell replication ● Between replications ➢ DNA is stored in a compact ball called _____ ➢ and is wrapped around proteins called _____ to form nucleosomes

• Before a cell divides, the DNA strands unwind and separate • Each strand makes a new partner by adding the appropriate nucleotides • The result is that there are now two double- stranded DNA molecules in the nucleus • So that when the cell divides, each nucleus contains identical DNA • This process is called _______

STEP 1 • Hydrogen bonds between base pairs are broken by the enzyme ______ and DNA molecule _____ • DNA molecule separates into complementary halves

The complimentary base pairs are _-_ and _-_

DNA Replication • Cell division involving mitosis produces __ daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and genetically identical to the parent cell • Remember that for this to happen, DNA in the parent cell must be replicated (copied) before the cell divides - this process occurs during _______ in the cell cycle

STEP 2 • Nucleotides match up with complementary bases • Free nucleotides abundant in ____

STEP 3 • Nucleotides are linked into 2 new strands of DNA by the enzyme, _________ -DNA _______ also proof reads for copying errors

RNA is different than DNA: 1. The sugar in RNA is ____; the sugar in DNA is _______ 2. RNA is a _____ strand of nucleotides; DNA is ______ strand of nucleotides 3. RNA has _______ instead of ______ which is in DNA 4. RNA is found inside and ____ of the nucleus; DNA is found only _____ the nucleus

____ is much more abundant than ____

There are three main types of RNA:

The two main processes involved in protein synthesis are - the formation of mRNA from DNA (________) - the conversion by tRNA to protein at the ribosome (________)

The Genetic Code • The genetic code is found in the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA that is translated from the DNA ➢ is a triplet of bases along them RNA that codes for a particular amino acid ➢ Each of the 20 amino acids needed to build a protein has at least 2 codons