is a process used by plants, algae, and some bacteria to convert light energy, usually from the sun, into chemical energy in the form of glucose (sugar).

a green pigment in plants

REDOX PROCESS :

2 phases of photosynthesis

-part of photosynthesis

- Thylakoid membrane

NADP, ATP, BY-PRODUCT OXYGEN

ATP IS PRODUCED BY _______ USING AN ENZYME CALLED ATP SYNTHASE.

ATP IS PRODUCED BY CHEMIOSMOSIS USING AN ENZYME CALLED _________.

_______ convert energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

is a form of electromagnetic energy or radiation

is the smallest unit of light energy

includes wavelengths that drives photosynthesis.

are the light receptors that absorb light of specific wavelengths

- main photosynthetic pigment

- accessory pigment

- accessory pigment that ABSORBS BLUE and GREEN light and REFLECT YELLOW, ORANGE or RED/

ABSORBS VIOLET, BLUE and RED light while transmitting and REFLECTING GREEN LIGHT

The _________ is a key step in photosynthesis. Absorption of a photon boosts an electron to an ORBITAL OF HIGHER ENERGY; the pigment molecule is in an EXCITED OR UNSTABLE STATE.

:The energy from this light EXCITES ELECTRONS in the CHLOROPHYLL molecule.

Once excited, the ELECTRONS GAIN ENERGY and Move to a HIGHER ENERGY ORBIT within the chlorophyll molecule.

In photosynthesis, the excited electron DOESN'T STAY IN THE HIGHER ENERGY state for long.

is a process that USES THE ENERGY STORED in a proton gradient to PRODUCE ATP. It occurs WITHIN THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANES of chloroplasts.

also known as CALVIN BENSON CYCLE/LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION

Its main purpose is to convert CO2 from theatmosphere into carbohydrates/sugar

Where does Calvin Cycle happens?

uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to convert the CO2 to Carbohydrates.

3 Phases of Calvin Cycle

The INCORPORATION of CO2 molecules, by ATTACHING it one at a time to a FIVE-CARBON SUGAR named ribulosebisphosphate (RuBP)

FIVE-CARBON SUGAR named

Enzyme Involve in Carbon Fixation

Product of Carbon Fixation

Each molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate is energized by an ATP by receiving an additional phosphate+, becoming 1,3-bisphoshoglycerate. Then, a pair of electrons are donated from NADPH that.results to the reduction of 1,3-bisphoshoglycerate to get G3P

The carbon skeleton of FIVE MOLECULES of G3P is rearranged into THREE MOLECULES OF RUBP by spending 3 more molecules of ATP. For EVERY MOLECULE of CO2 that enters the cycle, the net output is ONE MOLECULE OF GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-phosphate (G3P0, a threecarbon sugar.

The first organic product of carbon fixation is a three-carboncompound 3-phosphoglycerate. Example: Rice, wheat, and soybeans

Photorespiration occurs in the light (photo) and consumes O2 while producing CO2 (respiration)

Preface the Calvin cycle with an alternate mode of carbon fixation that forms a four-carbon compound as its first product.

Example: sugarcane, corn, members of the grass family.

Distinct anatomy: bundle-sheath cells and mesophyll

where INCORPORATION of CO2 into ORGANIC COMPOUNDS happens.

are arranged into tightly packed sheathsaround the veins of the leaf. It is where the Calvin cycle happens.

are succulents and grow in dry regions. Due to excessive heat, the STOMATA remain CLOSED DURING THE DAY to reduce transpiration. Their STOMATA OPEN AT NIGHT.

occurs in the light (photo) and consumes O2 while producing CO2 (respiration).

(such as photosynthesis) is a reaction that requires energy to be driven. absorbing energy in the form of work.

reaction releases energy

the main carrier of energy that is used for all cellular activities

this is where the light-dependent reaction occurs

occurs when an endergonic reaction is powered by an exergonic reaction.

is the transfer of the phosphate group of ATP to the free hydroxyl group of an organic molecule

occurs in two steps, coupled by a phosphorylated intermediate.

It displaces the phosphate group, forming glutamine.

ATP phosphorylates transport proteins, causing a shape change that allows transport of solutes.

ATP binds noncovalently to motor proteins and then is hydrolyzed causing a shape change that walks the motor protein forward.

it is the functional unit of photosynthesis defined by a particular pigment organization and associated patterns.

-is an organized association of proteins holding a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor.

is a molecule capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced.

generates ATP

generates NADPH

occurs during the light reactions using photosystem II and photosystem I.

is a process of completely breaking down glucose and other organic materials

uses oxygen as reactant

uses substances (other than oxygen) as reactants

is a process harvesting chemical energy without using either oxygen or any electron transport chain-in other words, without cellular respiration.

is the total or partial LOSS OF ELECTRONS to an electron acceptor

is the total or partial ADDITION OF ELECTRONS

-uses electron transport chain

- does not use electron transport chain

produces ethanol (ethyl alcohol

produces lactate (example: yogurt production)