LONG TEST

69問 • 1年前

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is a process used by plants, algae, and some bacteria to convert light energy, usually from the sun, into chemical energy in the form of glucose (sugar).

Photosynthesis

a green pigment in plants

chlorophyll

REDOX PROCESS :

H2O is Oxidized, and CO2 is Reduced

2 phases of photosynthesis

Light Dependent Reaction Calvin Cycle/Light Independent

-part of photosynthesis

Photo

- Thylakoid membrane

Site

NADP, ATP, BY-PRODUCT OXYGEN

Light Dependent

ATP IS PRODUCED BY _______ USING AN ENZYME CALLED ATP SYNTHASE.

CHEMIOSMOSIS

ATP IS PRODUCED BY CHEMIOSMOSIS USING AN ENZYME CALLED _________.

ATP SYNTHASE

_______ convert energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

Light reactions

is a form of electromagnetic energy or radiation

Light

is the smallest unit of light energy

Photon

includes wavelengths that drives photosynthesis.

Visible light

are the light receptors that absorb light of specific wavelengths

Photosynthetic pigments

- main photosynthetic pigment

Chlorophyll a

- accessory pigment

Chlorophyll b

- accessory pigment that ABSORBS BLUE and GREEN light and REFLECT YELLOW, ORANGE or RED/

Carotenoids

ABSORBS VIOLET, BLUE and RED light while transmitting and REFLECTING GREEN LIGHT

Chlorophyll

The _________ is a key step in photosynthesis. Absorption of a photon boosts an electron to an ORBITAL OF HIGHER ENERGY; the pigment molecule is in an EXCITED OR UNSTABLE STATE.

excitation of chlorophyll by light

:The energy from this light EXCITES ELECTRONS in the CHLOROPHYLL molecule.

Absorption

Once excited, the ELECTRONS GAIN ENERGY and Move to a HIGHER ENERGY ORBIT within the chlorophyll molecule.

Excited State

In photosynthesis, the excited electron DOESN'T STAY IN THE HIGHER ENERGY state for long.

Energy Transfer

is a process that USES THE ENERGY STORED in a proton gradient to PRODUCE ATP. It occurs WITHIN THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANES of chloroplasts.

CHEMIOSMOSIS

also known as CALVIN BENSON CYCLE/LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION

CALVIN CYCLE

Its main purpose is to convert CO2 from theatmosphere into carbohydrates/sugar

CALVIN CYCLE

Where does Calvin Cycle happens?

within the stroma

uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to convert the CO2 to Carbohydrates.

CALVIN CYCLE

3 Phases of Calvin Cycle

Carbon Fixation Reduction Regeneration of the CO2 Acceptor

The INCORPORATION of CO2 molecules, by ATTACHING it one at a time to a FIVE-CARBON SUGAR named ribulosebisphosphate (RuBP)

CARBON FIXATION

FIVE-CARBON SUGAR named

ribulosebisphosphate (RuBP)

Enzyme Involve in Carbon Fixation

Carboxylaseoxygenase or rubisco

Product of Carbon Fixation

2 MOLECULES of 3 PHOSPHOGLYCERATES (for each CO2 fixed)

Each molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate is energized by an ATP by receiving an additional phosphate+, becoming 1,3-bisphoshoglycerate. Then, a pair of electrons are donated from NADPH that.results to the reduction of 1,3-bisphoshoglycerate to get G3P

REDUCTION

The carbon skeleton of FIVE MOLECULES of G3P is rearranged into THREE MOLECULES OF RUBP by spending 3 more molecules of ATP. For EVERY MOLECULE of CO2 that enters the cycle, the net output is ONE MOLECULE OF GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-phosphate (G3P0, a threecarbon sugar.

REGENERATION OF THE CO2 ACCEPTOR

The first organic product of carbon fixation is a three-carboncompound 3-phosphoglycerate. Example: Rice, wheat, and soybeans

C3 PLANTS

Photorespiration occurs in the light (photo) and consumes O2 while producing CO2 (respiration)

C3 PLANTS

Preface the Calvin cycle with an alternate mode of carbon fixation that forms a four-carbon compound as its first product.

C4 PLANTS

Example: sugarcane, corn, members of the grass family.

C4 PLANTS

Distinct anatomy: bundle-sheath cells and mesophyll

C4 PLANTS

where INCORPORATION of CO2 into ORGANIC COMPOUNDS happens.

Mesophyll

are arranged into tightly packed sheathsaround the veins of the leaf. It is where the Calvin cycle happens.

Bundle-sheath cells

are succulents and grow in dry regions. Due to excessive heat, the STOMATA remain CLOSED DURING THE DAY to reduce transpiration. Their STOMATA OPEN AT NIGHT.

CAM plants

occurs in the light (photo) and consumes O2 while producing CO2 (respiration).

Photorespiration

(such as photosynthesis) is a reaction that requires energy to be driven. absorbing energy in the form of work.

An endergonic reaction

reaction releases energy

Exergonic reaction

the main carrier of energy that is used for all cellular activities

ADENONSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

this is where the light-dependent reaction occurs

THYLAKOID

occurs when an endergonic reaction is powered by an exergonic reaction.

coupled reaction

is the transfer of the phosphate group of ATP to the free hydroxyl group of an organic molecule

Phosphorylation

occurs in two steps, coupled by a phosphorylated intermediate.

Glutamine synthesis

It displaces the phosphate group, forming glutamine.

Ammonia

ATP phosphorylates transport proteins, causing a shape change that allows transport of solutes.

Transport work of transport protein

ATP binds noncovalently to motor proteins and then is hydrolyzed causing a shape change that walks the motor protein forward.

Mechanical work of motor protein

it is the functional unit of photosynthesis defined by a particular pigment organization and associated patterns.

Photosystem

-is an organized association of proteins holding a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor.

Reaction center complex

is a molecule capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced.

Primary electron acceptor

generates ATP

Photosystem II

generates NADPH

Photosystem I

occurs during the light reactions using photosystem II and photosystem I.

Linear electron flow/electron transport chain

is a process of completely breaking down glucose and other organic materials

Cellular respiration

uses oxygen as reactant

aerobic respiration

uses substances (other than oxygen) as reactants

anaerobic respiration

is a process harvesting chemical energy without using either oxygen or any electron transport chain-in other words, without cellular respiration.

Fermentation

is the total or partial LOSS OF ELECTRONS to an electron acceptor

Oxidation

is the total or partial ADDITION OF ELECTRONS

Reduction

-uses electron transport chain

Respiration

- does not use electron transport chain

Fermentation

produces ethanol (ethyl alcohol

Alcohol fermentation

produces lactate (example: yogurt production)

Lactic acid fermentation

QUIZ NO. 1

GLAIZA · 20問 · 2年前

QUIZ NO. 1