Photorespiration occurs in the light (photo) and consumes O2 while producing CO2 (respiration)

FIVE-CARBON SUGAR named

a green pigment in plants

is a process of completely breaking down glucose and other organic materials

produces lactate (example: yogurt production)

reaction releases energy

Where does Calvin Cycle happens?

ATP IS PRODUCED BY _______ USING AN ENZYME CALLED ATP SYNTHASE.

REDOX PROCESS :

Each molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate is energized by an ATP by receiving an additional phosphate+, becoming 1,3-bisphoshoglycerate. Then, a pair of electrons are donated from NADPH that.results to the reduction of 1,3-bisphoshoglycerate to get G3P

are the light receptors that absorb light of specific wavelengths

Preface the Calvin cycle with an alternate mode of carbon fixation that forms a four-carbon compound as its first product.

ATP phosphorylates transport proteins, causing a shape change that allows transport of solutes.

is the transfer of the phosphate group of ATP to the free hydroxyl group of an organic molecule

generates NADPH

includes wavelengths that drives photosynthesis.

occurs in the light (photo) and consumes O2 while producing CO2 (respiration).

are arranged into tightly packed sheathsaround the veins of the leaf. It is where the Calvin cycle happens.

Enzyme Involve in Carbon Fixation

uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to convert the CO2 to Carbohydrates.

- does not use electron transport chain

ATP IS PRODUCED BY CHEMIOSMOSIS USING AN ENZYME CALLED _________.

Once excited, the ELECTRONS GAIN ENERGY and Move to a HIGHER ENERGY ORBIT within the chlorophyll molecule.

:The energy from this light EXCITES ELECTRONS in the CHLOROPHYLL molecule.

-part of photosynthesis

The carbon skeleton of FIVE MOLECULES of G3P is rearranged into THREE MOLECULES OF RUBP by spending 3 more molecules of ATP. For EVERY MOLECULE of CO2 that enters the cycle, the net output is ONE MOLECULE OF GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-phosphate (G3P0, a threecarbon sugar.

also known as CALVIN BENSON CYCLE/LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION

- main photosynthetic pigment

is a process used by plants, algae, and some bacteria to convert light energy, usually from the sun, into chemical energy in the form of glucose (sugar).

-uses electron transport chain

The _________ is a key step in photosynthesis. Absorption of a photon boosts an electron to an ORBITAL OF HIGHER ENERGY; the pigment molecule is in an EXCITED OR UNSTABLE STATE.

uses substances (other than oxygen) as reactants

The INCORPORATION of CO2 molecules, by ATTACHING it one at a time to a FIVE-CARBON SUGAR named ribulosebisphosphate (RuBP)

this is where the light-dependent reaction occurs

Product of Carbon Fixation

uses oxygen as reactant

is a molecule capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced.

occurs when an endergonic reaction is powered by an exergonic reaction.

Its main purpose is to convert CO2 from theatmosphere into carbohydrates/sugar

occurs during the light reactions using photosystem II and photosystem I.

produces ethanol (ethyl alcohol

is the total or partial ADDITION OF ELECTRONS

is a form of electromagnetic energy or radiation

-is an organized association of proteins holding a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor.

3 Phases of Calvin Cycle

is the smallest unit of light energy

- accessory pigment

occurs in two steps, coupled by a phosphorylated intermediate.

- accessory pigment that ABSORBS BLUE and GREEN light and REFLECT YELLOW, ORANGE or RED/

ABSORBS VIOLET, BLUE and RED light while transmitting and REFLECTING GREEN LIGHT

- Thylakoid membrane

where INCORPORATION of CO2 into ORGANIC COMPOUNDS happens.

2 phases of photosynthesis

the main carrier of energy that is used for all cellular activities

It displaces the phosphate group, forming glutamine.

_______ convert energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

The first organic product of carbon fixation is a three-carboncompound 3-phosphoglycerate. Example: Rice, wheat, and soybeans

is the total or partial LOSS OF ELECTRONS to an electron acceptor

generates ATP

are succulents and grow in dry regions. Due to excessive heat, the STOMATA remain CLOSED DURING THE DAY to reduce transpiration. Their STOMATA OPEN AT NIGHT.

it is the functional unit of photosynthesis defined by a particular pigment organization and associated patterns.

ATP binds noncovalently to motor proteins and then is hydrolyzed causing a shape change that walks the motor protein forward.

is a process harvesting chemical energy without using either oxygen or any electron transport chain-in other words, without cellular respiration.

Distinct anatomy: bundle-sheath cells and mesophyll

Example: sugarcane, corn, members of the grass family.

(such as photosynthesis) is a reaction that requires energy to be driven. absorbing energy in the form of work.

NADP, ATP, BY-PRODUCT OXYGEN

In photosynthesis, the excited electron DOESN'T STAY IN THE HIGHER ENERGY state for long.

is a process that USES THE ENERGY STORED in a proton gradient to PRODUCE ATP. It occurs WITHIN THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANES of chloroplasts.