PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS (MICROPARA)

44問 • 1年前

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do not possess a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles (e.g., bacteria)

Prokaryotes

• those that possess a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles. • multicellular organisms • plants, animals, fungi, parasites, and algae.

Eukaryotes

• are acellular organisms that possess only DNA OR RNA • They are dependent on host cells for their replication and are considered as obligate intracellular parasites

Viruses

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Genetic Material - Not enclosed within a membrane; not associated with histones; usually circular

PROKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Genetic Material - Enclosed within a membrane; associated with histones; usually linear

EUKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Size - Smaller (1-2 um by 1-4 µm or less)

PROKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Size - Greater than 5 µm in diameter

EUKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Cell Type - Mostly unicellular

PROKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Cell Type - Mostly multicellular

EUKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Nucleus - No true nucleus and nuclear membrane; called nucleoid

PROKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Nucleus - With true nucleus enclosed by nuclear membrane

EUKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Cell Wall - Simple

PROKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Cell Wall - Complex

EUKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Cell Division - Budding or binary fission

PROKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Cell Division - Mitosis

EUKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Sexual Reproduction - No meiosis; transfer of DNA only

PROKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Sexual Reproduction - Mitosis

EUKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Cytoskeleton - Absent

PROKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Cytoskeleton - Present

EUKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Mesosome - Functions as mitochondria and Golgi complex

PROKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Mesosome - Absent

EUKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Ribosomes - 705; located in cytoplasm

PROKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Ribosomes - 80S; located in membranes such as in the endoplasmic reticulum 70S; found in organelles such as mitochondria or chloroplast

EUKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Membrane-bound organelles - absent

PROKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Membrane-bound organelles - present

EUKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Extrachromosomal plasmid - Present

PROKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Extrachromosomal plasmid - Absent

EUKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Duration of cycle - short (20-60 minutes)

PROKARYOTIC

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC Duration of cycle - Long (12-24 hours)

EUKARYOTIC

• acellular organisms • outer surface is called capsid, which is composed of • repeating sub units called CAPSOMERES • possess only a single nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, but NEVER BOTH • lack the necessary cellular parts that can allow them to • replicate independent of the host cell • lack the genes and enzymes that are necessary for energy production • rely on the cellular machinery of the host cell for protein and energy production • are considered obligate intracellular parasites.

VIRUSES

• special type of viruses that primarily infect bacteria • Similar to other viruses in that • (1) they are obligate intracellular parasites • (2) they are similarly shaped like other viruses • (3) they may also be classified based on the type of nucleic acid they possess. • They play a role in the acquisition of virulence factors of certain bacteria - e.g., diphtheria toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae • as well as in the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another - as in transduction

BACTERIOPHAGES

• are prokaryotic cells • majority having an outer covering called the CELL WALL - composed mainly of PEPTIDOGLYCAN. • they possess both DNA and RNA. • Unlike eukaryotic organisms - possess a NUCLEOID instead of a true nucleus - smaller ribosomes - lack mitochondria • Based on their physical characteristics, bacteria may be broadly categorized into

BACTERIA

• Eukaryotic • with an outer surface composed mainly of CHITIN. • cell membrane is made up mostly of ergosterol • fungi possess BOTH DNA AND RNA. • they possess a true nucleus that is enclosed by a nuclear membrane and mitochondria that function for ATP production • Fungal ribosomes are also larger than bacterial ribosomes (80 Svedberg units)

FUNGI

• eukaryotic organisms • outer surface consists primarily of CELLULOSE • described as PLANT like organisms • most of them have CHLOROPHYLL • capable of photosynthesis • vary in size from the single celled PHYTOPLANKTONS to the large seaweeds found in the ocean floor. • do not produce significant disease in humans. • Most are beneficial in that they are important sources of food, iodine, and other minerals • They may also be used as fertilizers, emulsifiers for puddings, and stabilizers for ice cream and salad dressings

ALGAE

• are the representatives for PARASITES • eukaryotic cells • have an outer surface called a PELLICLE • UNICELLULAR organisms that usually divide through binary fission • Majority exist in two morphologic forms • cysts and trophozoites • infective stage • pathogenic stage • Trophozoite • possess BOTH DNA and RNA as well as other cellular features seen in typical eukaryotic cells.

PROTOZOA

• are unicellular algae that inhabit both fresh and saltwater • cell wall contains silicone dioxide - may be utilized in filtration systems, insulation, and as abrasives • Dinoflagellates - are also unicellular algae that are important members of the phytoplankton group - contribute greatly to the oxygen in the atmosphere - serve as important links in the food chain - they are also responsible for what is known as “red tide.” - produce a powerful neurotoxin - when ingested in significant amounts - responsible for the potentially fatal. disease called paralytic shellfish poisoning.

DIATOMS

CAPSID, CAPSOMERES

VIRUS

INFECT BACTERIA

BACTERIOPHAGES

CELL WALL, PEPTIDOGLYCAN

BACTERIA

CHITIN, ERGOSTEROL

FUNGI

PARASITES, PELLICLE

PROTOZOA

CELLULOSE, CHLOROPHYLL

ALGAE

SILICONE DIOXIDE

DIATOMS

RED TIDE, NEUROTOXIN

DINOFLAGELLATES

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