is a sub discipline science that deals with the study of matter and the substances that constitute it.

it also deals with the properties of these substances and the reactions undergone by them to form new substances.

primarily focuses on atoms ions and molecules which in turn make up elements and compounds.

this chemical species tend to interact with each other through chemical bonds. it is important to note that the interactions between matter and energy are also studied in the field______

he is the first to proposed that matter exists in the form of particles.

he formulated the fundamental gas laws.

first to propose the combination of small particles to form molecules.

he differentiated between compounds and mixtures

he coined the term 'atoms'

co-discovered the chemicals radium and polonium

made numerous pioneering contributions to the study of radioactive elements

carried out the first research into the treatment of tumors with radiation

died due to high exposure of radium

He's atomic theory is the basis of chemistry

discovered gay-lussac's law relating gases temperature volume and pressure.

discovered the law of partial gas pressures

the father of modern microbiology

transform chemistry and biology with his discovery of mirror image molecules

discovered anaerobic bacteria

established the germ theory of disease

invented food preservation by pasteurization

the father of nuclear chemistry and nuclear physics

discovered and named the atomic nucleus, the proton the alpha particle and the beta particle

discovered the electron

invented one of the most powerful tools in analytical chemistry the mass spectrometer

obtain the first evidence for isotopes of stable elements

5 Branches of Chemistry

is the study of carbon and its compounds

it is the study of the chemistry of life and reactions occurring in living organisms

with carbon

is the study of compounds not covered by organic chemistry

does the study of compounds that don't contain a CH bond

without carbons

is the study of the chemistry of matter and development of tools to measure properties of matter

includes quantitative and qualitative analysis separations extractions distillation spectrometry and spectroscopy chromatography and electrophoresis

is the branch of chemistry that applies physics to the study of chemistry which commonly includes the applications of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics to chemistry

is the study of chemical processes that occur inside of living organisms. example of key modules include proteins nucleic acids carbohydrates lipids drugs and neurotransmitters

it is a process by which observations are questioned; hypothesis are created and tested; and the results are analyzed

it was used even in ancient times but it was first documented by england's sir francis bacon (1561-1626) who set up inductive methods for scientific inquiry

it can be applied to almost all fields of study as it logical rational problem solving method.

The Scientific Process

Academic Guess

of matter offers a description of the microscopic properties of atoms or molecules and their interactions leading to observable macroscopic properties such as pressure volume and temperature.

an application of the theory is that it helps to explain why matter exist in different phases (solid, liquid, and gas) and how matter can change from one phase to the next.

everything that takes up space and has mass, is the 'stuff' that makes up the cosmos. Atoms, which are made up of protons neutrons and electrons are the building blocks of all

is defined as everything that has mass and volume

what are the three primary states of matter?

made up of particles that are constantly moving

they are spaces between particles of

this state is one of the fundamental states of matter

it differs from liquids and gases by the characteristics of rigidity

the molecules are tightly packed because of strong intermolecular forces they only oscillate about their mean positions

can be defined as the state of matter which has definite shape and volume and has a rigid structure

the molecules are closely packed due to weak intermolecular forces

these forces are weaker than solids but stronger than that of gases

there is much space between the molecules which makes their flowing ability easy

it can easily acquire the shape of a vessel and they have fixed volume

the intermolecular forces experienced between them are negligible

does translatory, rotatory vibratory motion are observe prominently

it does not have any fixed shape or volume

they also possess high compressibility and thermal expansion

Solid - Liquid

Liquid - Gas

Liquid - Solid

Gas - Liquid

Solid - Gas

Gas - Solid

there are two kinds of forces or attractions that operate in a molecule

two atoms are bound to each other through a polar covalent bond

dipole-dipole interaction

these are the forces that hold atoms together within a molecule

these are the forces that exist between molecules

types of intramolecular forces of attraction

this bond is formed by the complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms

it is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions

this bond is formed between atoms that have similar electronegativities affinity or desire for electrons

attractive forces that act between molecules or particles in the solid or liquid states

generally this attractive forces are much weaker than bonding force

the strength of this attraction is dependent on the arrangement of the particles the proximity of particles related to one another and the nature of the interacting particles

types of intermolecular forces

these forces are present between all types of molecules due to the movement of electrons

as electrons move around the nucleus and an even distribution causes momentary charge separations

slightly positive sides of a molecule are our tongue tied to the slightly negative sides of the adjacent molecules

the extent to which a dipole moment can be induced in a molecule is called its polarizability

the weakest of intermolecular forces that can exist between two molecules but the larger the atoms present the stronger the dispersion forces

attractive forces between polar molecules molecules that possess dipole moments

in polar molecules the electrons are unevenly distributed because some elements are more electronegative than others

the partial negative side of one molecule is attracted to the partial positive side of another molecule

this type of force is stronger than the dispersion forces because polar molecules have permanent uneven distribution of electrons

a special type of dipole-dipole interaction between the hydrogen atom in a polar bond

between water molecules are particularly strong

a kind of attractive force that occurs between an ion and a polar molecules

are involved in solutions where an ionic compound is dissolved into polar solvent

most commonly found in solutions

especially important for solutions in polar liquids

a positive ion cation attracts the partially negative end of a neutral polar molecule

a negative ion anion attracts the partially positive end of a neutral polar molecule