Any material containing marks, symbols, or signs either visible, partially visible that may present or ultimately convey a meaning to someone, maybe in the form of pencil, ink writing, typewriting, or printing on paper.

Means lesson or example

Means instruction or official paper

Means to teach

applies to writings; to words printed, lithographed, or photographed; to maps or plans; to seals, plates, or even stones on which inscriptions are cut or engraved.

Any material which some issue has been raised or which is under scrutiny.

One in which the facts appearing therein may not be true, and are contested either in whole or part with respect to its authenticity, identity, or origin. It may be a deed, contract, will, election ballots, marriage contract, check, visas, application form, check writer, certificates. In this text, as well as through prior usage, however, "disputed document" and "questioned document" are used interchangeably to signify a document that is under special scrutiny.

Document is usually questioned because its origin, its contents, or the circumstances and story regarding its production, arouse serious suspicions as to its genuineness, or it may be adversely scrutinized simply because it displeases someone.

A term suggesting that there is an argument or controversy over the document, and strictly speaking this is true meaning. In this text, as well as through prior usage, however, "disputed document" and "questioned document" are used interchangeably to signify a document that is under special scrutiny.

The practice of application of document examination to the purposes of the law.

It refers to persons who study all aspects of a document to determine its authenticity, origin, handwriting, photocopies, inks and papers.

Are condensed and compact set of authentic specimens which, if adequate and proper, should contain a cross section of the material from a known source.

A term used by some document examiners and attorneys to characterize known material. Standard is the older term.

Any document completely written and signed by one person: also known as a holograph. In a number of jurisdictions, a holographic will can be probated without anyone having witnessed its execution.

Material compiled and organized by the document examiner to assist him in answering special questions. ( of typewriting, check writing specimens, inks, pens, pencils, and papers are frequently maintained. )

notarized by a notary public or competent public official with solemnities required by law. (Cacnio vs.Baens, 5 Phil. 742) A document created, executed or issued by a public official in response to the exigencies of the public service, or in the execution of which a public official intervened.

issued by the government or its agents or its officers having the authority to do so and the offices, which in accordance with their creation, they are authorized to issue and be issued in the performance of their duties.

executed by a private person without the intervention of a notary public or of any person legally authorized, by which documents, some disposition or agreement is proved, evidenced, or set forth (US vs Orera, 11 Phil. 596).

executed in accordance with the Code of Commerce or any Mercantile Law, containing disposition of commercial rights or obligations.

exist only in electronic form such as data stored on a computer, network, back-up, archive, or other storage media. Examples of documents subjects to e-discovery are e-mails, instant message, e-calendars, audio files, and data on handheld devices, animation, metadata, graphics, photographs, spreadsheets, websites, drawings, and other types of digital data. (Governed by RA 8792)

- It is the result of a very complicated series of facts, being used as whole, combination of certain forms of visible mental and muscular habits acquired by long, continued painstaking effort.

Some defined handwriting

push up the pen to form the upward strokes

Which push ups the pen downward strokes

Which push the pen to form the horizontal strokes

The delicate way in which the various muscles used in writing work together to produce written form is known as

Refers to the standard of handwriting instruction taught in particular school

Is the relation of parts of the whole of writing or line of individual letters in words to the baseline

Sharp, straight strokes that are made by stopping the pen and changing direction before continuing.

Forms that look like arches rounded on the top and open at the bottom.

any property or mark which distinguishes and in document examination commonly called to as the identifying details.

the act of setting two or more items side by side to weigh their identifying qualities; it refers not only a visual but also the mental act in which the element of one item are related to the counterparts of the other.

A writer may deliberately try to alter his usual writing habits in hopes of hiding his identity.

The movement of the pen toward the writer.

The writer's chosen writing style. The way the writing looks, whether it is copybook, elaborated, simplified or printed.

A cup-like connected form that is open at the top and rounded on the bottom.

The German word that means "complete" or "whole".

the study of handwriting based on the two fundamental strokes, the curve and the straight strokes.

analysis by comparison and measurement.

the art of determining character disposition and amplitude of a person from the study of handwriting. It also means the scientific study and analysis of handwriting, especially with reference to forgeries and questioned documents.

Any disconnected style of writing in which each letter is written separately; also called hand printing.

See "wrong hand writing."

The amount of space left between letters. Sometimes, referred to as line space.

Movement of the baseline. May slant up, down, or straight across the page.

the overall character of the ink lines from the beginning to the ending strokes.
There are two classes: Good Line quality and Poor Line quality.

Two classes of line quality

A disconnected form of script or semi-script writing. This type of writing is taught in young children in elementary schools as the first step in learning to write.

The amount of space left around the writing on all four sides.

Any study or examination which is made with the microscope in other to discover minute details.

It is an important element in handwriting. It embraces all the factors which are related to the motion of the writing instrument skill, speed freedom, hesitation, rhythm, emphasis, tremors and the like. The manner in which the writing instrument is move that is by finger, hand, forearm or

Any specimen of writing executed normally without any attempt to control or alter its identifying habits and its usual quality or execution.

These are normal or usual deviations found between repeated specimens of any individual handwriting.

The act of intermittently forcing the pen against the paper surfaces. When the pen-point has flexibility, this emphasis produces shading, but with more rigid writing points heavy point emphasis can occur in writing w/out any evidence of shading; the act intermittently forcing the pen against the paper with increase pressure.

The place where the writer grasps the barrel of the pen and the angle at which he holds it.

relationship between the pen point and the paper.relationship between the pen point and the paper.

the average force with which the pen contacts the paper. Pen pressure as opposed to pen emphasis deals with the usual of average force involved in the writing rather than the period increases.

A creative combination of printing and cursive writing.

the relation between the tall and the short letter is referred as to the ratio of writing

A distinct or peculiar character. Also, "quality" is used in describing handwriting to refer to any identifying factor that is related to the writing movement itself.

The element of the writing movement which is marked by regular or periodic recurrences. It may be classed as smooth, intermittent, or jerky in its quality; the flourishing succession of motion which are recorded in a written record. Periodicity, alternation of movement.

Is the widening of the ink strokes due to the added pressure on a flexible pen point or to the use of a stub pen.

Any characteristic of handwriting that is sufficiently uncommon and well fixed to serve as a fundamental point in the identification.

Eliminating extra or superfluous strokes from the copybook model.

May refer to the overall size of the writing or the proportions between zones.

In any set there are relative degrees or ability or skill and a specimen of handwriting usually contains evidence of the writer's proficiency; degree, ability, or skill of a write proficiency.

the angle or inclination of the axis of the letters relative to the baseline. There are three classes: Slant to the left; Slant to the right; and Vertical Slant.

Not everyone writes at the same rate so that consideration of the speed of writing may be a significant identifying element. Writing speed cannot be measured precisely from the finished handwriting but can be interpreted in broad terms of slow, moderate, or rapid

The combination of the basic design of letters and the writing movement as taught in school make up the writing system. Writing through use diverges from the system, but generally retains some influence of the basic training. See also copy book.

The act or process of changing.

Any writing executed with the opposite hand that normally used; a.k.a. as "with the awkward hand." It is one means of disguise.