a system of rules (grammar), a sound system (phonology), and a vocabulary (lexicon)

study of the patterns of sound in a language

study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words

arrangement of words in sentences, clauses and phrases (study of formation in sentences)

study of meanings in a language

appropriate use of language in diff contexts

the sum total of actions we take — both consciously and unconsciously — to influence how others perceive us.

being accepted by a larger group. In order to conform, you have to (implicitly or explicitly) uphold the social norms and expectations of the group.

explanations for a negative event given in order to avoid (or lessen) punishment and judgment.

Public recognition of someone’s accomplishments often goes a long way towards building rapport. When you acclaim someone in this way, you applaud them for their skills and success

used to improve your relationship with someone through compliments. It’s meant to make you seem agreeable, perceptive, and pleasant.

highlighting your strengths and drawing attention to your achievements. This phenomenon is especially common in business settings, but it’s frequently seen in personal relationships, too.

doing a favor for someone, whether in business or in everyday life, shifts the power dynamic of a relationship. It establishes the person doing the favor as “useful,”

means ensuring that any information shared about you, your company, and your partners is truthful and relevant.

common yet complex issue that can lead to confusion, errors, and strained relationships.

arising from unclear language or tone, it can lead to misunderstandings.

body language and facial expressions sometimes convey unintended messages. Nonverbal cues, including body language and facial expressions, play a crucial role in communication but can sometimes send mixed signals.

emails or texts can be misconstrued without the nuances of spoken language.

different cultural backgrounds can lead to differing interpretations. Cultural differences can lead to unique communication challenges.

missing context can lead to incorrect assumptions. ______ is key in communication. This segment examines scenarios where a lack of context leads to miscommunication.

jargon or _______ language can be unclear to non- experts.Technical jargon and industry-specific language can often be a barrier to clear communication.

personal biases and perceptions can color interpretations. it can arises from individual biases and interpretations.

similar sounding words with different meanings cause confusion. The English language is rich but can be confusing due to similar-sounding words with different meanings.

_______ can warp the intended message. ________ significantly influence how we communicate and interpret messages.

not listening effectively can result in missed or distorted information. Effective listening is as important as speaking in communication.