問題一覧
1
Specific for endotoxins: 1) It is secreted by the microbial cell into the external environment 2) They do not have a selective effect on organs and tissues 3) They have a selective effect on organs and tissues 4) They do not turn into anatoxin (toxoid). 5) They become anatoxin (toxoid).
2, 4
2
One of the most important biological effects of endotoxins is:
fever reaction
3
The process by which bacteria stick to the surfaces of host cells. After bacteria have entered the body, adherence is a major initial step in the infection process. The terms adherence, adhesion, and attachment are often used interchangeably.
adherence (adhesion, attachment)
4
The main transmission mechanism of the disease when the pathogens are localized in the upper respiratory tract:
airborne droplets
5
Alimentary infection refers to what infection mechanism?
fecal-oral
6
Contagion from items used by the patient belongs to which mechanism of infection?
indirect contact
7
The condition of the normal microflora of the body is an infection caused by pathogenic representatives:
endogenous infection
8
Several microorganisms are involved in the formation of infection:
mixed infection
9
The addition of a new infectious process caused by another microorganism to the infection caused by one microorganism is called:
secondary infection
10
Reinfection with the same pathogen without recovery from an infectious disease:
superinfection
11
Persistence:
long-term presence of the causative agent in the body
12
Persistence is accompanied by: 1) Microbial carrier 2) Acute infection 3) Exogenous infection 4) Chronic infection
1, 4
13
The H antigen is:
flagellum
14
The K antigen is:
capsule
15
The K antigen is:
glycocalyx
16
Superantigens action mechanism:
Polyclonal activation of T-lymphocytes
17
Has superantigen activity:
Toxic shock syndrome toxin of Staphylococcus aureus
18
Natural Acquired Immunity:
is formed after the disease
19
Antigen presentation:
presentation of information about the antigen to T- and B-lymphocytes
20
Antigen presentation:
antigenic components are presented to T-helpers in complex with class II MHC
21
It does not belong to the main characteristics of antigens:
competence
22
What is an epitope?
antigenic determinant
23
Involved in the oxygen-dependent mechanism of phagocytosis:
hydrogen peroxide
24
Antigen presenting cells refer to:
macrophages
25
Superantigens:
are antigens that can activate T-helpers without undergoing processing
26
Refers to virus antigens:
S-antigen
27
MHC class I antigens:
is individual for each organism
28
MHC class II antigens are located in:
mainly in the membrane of immunocompetent cells
29
Does not apply to immunocompetent cells: 1) T-lymphocytes 2) B-lymphocytes 3) Erythrocytes 4) Macrophages 5) Hepatocytes
3, 5
30
T-helpers:
receives information about the antigen from the antigen-presenting cell
31
Fab-fragment of immunoglobulin molecule:
provides binding to specific antigen
32
An immunoglobulin that can pass from the placenta is:
İgG
33
The detection of IgM against a certain pathogen in the blood serum of newborns confirms: ,
intrauterine infection
34
The detection of Ig G against a certain pathogen in the blood serum of newborns confirms:
that the mother has a relevant disease
35
How many idiotypes can an immunoglobulin of the same class have?
endless
36
Immune complexes:
is formed by the combination of antigen and specific antibody
37
Memory cells are formed from which cells:
from both T- and B-lymphocytes
38
The result of serological reactions is evaluated:
based on the formation of an antigen-antibody complex
39
The immediate, nonspecific response to a pathogen, the components of this response include phagocytic cells (macrophages and neutrophils), NK cells, TLRs, cytokines, and complement is:
Innate immunity
40
The destructive effect of T-killers on target cells is related to:
by lysis of target cells
41
Perforin, granzyme and granulysin:
They are cytotoxic substances of T-killers
42
The antigen binding center of the immunoglobulin molecule is formed:
Between the hypervariable domains of the L and H chain
43
What is indicated by 1 in the structural scheme of the immunoglobulin molecule?
Fab-fragment
44
What is indicated by 2 in the structural scheme of the immunoglobulin molecule?
Fc-fragment
45
What is indicated by 5 in the structural scheme of the immunoglobulin molecule?
active center
46
Fc-fragment of immunoglobulin molecule:
provides attachment to the surface of lymphocytes
47
Fc-fragment molecule of immunoglobulin:
provides connection with the complement
48
Which of these has a pentamer structure:
IgM
49
Which immunoglobulin is depicted in the picture?
IgM
50
On the surface of immune cells there are receptors for these immunoglobulins: 1) IgG 2) IgM 3) IgA 4) IgE 5) IgD
2, 5
51
The dominant antibody in the primary immune response is:
IgM
52
It is an immunoglobulin with a secretory component:
IgA
53
Monoclonal antibodies:
are antibodies synthesized by a B-lymphocyte clone
54
Used to get monoclonal antibodies:
hybridomas
55
What are the differences between monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies?
with strict specificity
56
It ensures the conversion of haptens into complete antigens:
their association with proteins
57
When a proteolytic enzyme (papain) acts on an immunoglobulin (IgG) molecule:
breaks down with the formation of two Fab-fragments and one Fc-fragment
58
Passes through the placenta:
IgG
59
Cytophilic immunoglobulins: 1) IgG 2) IgM 3) IgA 4) IgE 5) IgD
1, 4
60
Immunoglobulin with a secretory component:
IgA
61
Secretory component of immunoglobulin A:
protects it from destruction under the action of the secrets of the mucous membranes
62
Immunoglobulins involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions: 1) IgG 2) IgM 3) IgA 4) IgE 5) IgD
1, 4
63
Immune complexes:
are formed as a result of the combination of a specific antigen with an antibody
64
Incomplete antibodies:
have one active site
65
Attachment of an antigen to an incomplete antibody occurs:
his blockade
66
On what is the principle of revaccination based?
the secondary immune response is accompanied by the formation of antibodies in high titers
67
Participate in a specific humoral immune response:
antibodies
68
Mechanism of humoral specific immune response:
neutralization of antigens by specific antibodies
69
Participate in a specific cellular immune response:
T-killers
70
Mechanism of specific cellular immune response:
cytotoxic killing of target cells
71
When the immune system meets the same antigen again, the most effective reactions are provided by:
immunological memory
72
From what cells are memory cells formed?
from T- and B-lymphocytes
73
How do memory cells differ from other lymphocytes from a morphological point of view?
do not differ
74
Serological reactions are not typical for:
occurs between antigen and specific lymphocytes
75
Serological diagnosis is based on:
detection of specific antibodies or antigen in the patient's blood serum
76
Agglutination reaction is detected by:
sediment
77
Agglutination of bacteria without flagella is called:
O-agglutination
78
Agglutination of bacteria with flagella is called:
H-agglutination
79
For the agglutination reaction, use: 1) Meat-peptone broth; 2) Diagnosticum; 3) physiological solution; 4) Immune serum; 5) Lugol's solution;
2, 3, 4
80
The agglutination test was performed with dilutions of serum 1:50; 1:100; 1:200; 1:400; 1:800. When evaluating the results in all dilutions, as well as in the control, a positive reaction was observed. What is the titer of the agglutination reaction?
the reaction is set incorrectly
81
The agglutination reaction was performed with serum dilutions in ratios of 1:50; 1:100; 1:200; 1:400; 1:800. When evaluating the results, a positive reaction was observed in dilutions of 1:50; 1:100; 1:200; 1:400. In test tubes with dilutions of 1:800 and in the control, agglutination was not observed. Serum agglutinating titer:
1:400
82
Diagnostic titer of agglutinating serum:
titer confirming the disease
83
An agglutination reaction in which erythrocytes with antigens adsorbed on them are used as a diagnosticum is called:
indirect hemagglutination reaction
84
In an indirect hemagglutination reaction, the following is used as a diagnosticum:
erythrocytes with antigens adsorbed on them
85
Hemagglutination inhibition reaction is used for:
virus identification
86
The Coombs reaction is used for:
detection of incomplete antibodies detection of antibodies
87
Used to detect incomplete antibodies:
Coombs reaction
88
Anti-human (antiglobulin) antibodies are used in:
Coombs reactions
89
Precipitation reaction is determined by:
the appearance of turbidity
90
The directed movement of leukocytes up a gradient concentration toward the site of infection. This movement is
Chemotaxis
91
The agglutination reaction is manifested by:
with the formation of sediment
92
The inhibation of hemagglutination reaction is used:
in the identification of viruses
93
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay is based on:
detection of the corresponding antigen with the help of antibodies labeled with enzymes