microbiology 101-200

93問 • 2年前

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Specific for endotoxins: 1) It is secreted by the microbial cell into the external environment 2) They do not have a selective effect on organs and tissues 3) They have a selective effect on organs and tissues 4) They do not turn into anatoxin (toxoid). 5) They become anatoxin (toxoid).

2, 4

One of the most important biological effects of endotoxins is:

fever reaction

The process by which bacteria stick to the surfaces of host cells. After bacteria have entered the body, adherence is a major initial step in the infection process. The terms adherence, adhesion, and attachment are often used interchangeably.

adherence (adhesion, attachment)

The main transmission mechanism of the disease when the pathogens are localized in the upper respiratory tract:

airborne droplets

Alimentary infection refers to what infection mechanism?

fecal-oral

Contagion from items used by the patient belongs to which mechanism of infection?

indirect contact

The condition of the normal microflora of the body is an infection caused by pathogenic representatives:

endogenous infection

Several microorganisms are involved in the formation of infection:

mixed infection

The addition of a new infectious process caused by another microorganism to the infection caused by one microorganism is called:

secondary infection

Reinfection with the same pathogen without recovery from an infectious disease:

superinfection

Persistence:

long-term presence of the causative agent in the body

Persistence is accompanied by: 1) Microbial carrier 2) Acute infection 3) Exogenous infection 4) Chronic infection

1, 4

The H antigen is:

flagellum

The K antigen is:

capsule

The K antigen is:

glycocalyx

Superantigens action mechanism:

Polyclonal activation of T-lymphocytes

Has superantigen activity:

Toxic shock syndrome toxin of Staphylococcus aureus

Natural Acquired Immunity:

is formed after the disease

Antigen presentation:

presentation of information about the antigen to T- and B-lymphocytes

Antigen presentation:

antigenic components are presented to T-helpers in complex with class II MHC

It does not belong to the main characteristics of antigens:

competence

What is an epitope?

antigenic determinant

Involved in the oxygen-dependent mechanism of phagocytosis:

hydrogen peroxide

Antigen presenting cells refer to:

macrophages

Superantigens:

are antigens that can activate T-helpers without undergoing processing

Refers to virus antigens:

S-antigen

MHC class I antigens:

is individual for each organism

MHC class II antigens are located in:

mainly in the membrane of immunocompetent cells

Does not apply to immunocompetent cells: 1) T-lymphocytes 2) B-lymphocytes 3) Erythrocytes 4) Macrophages 5) Hepatocytes

3, 5

T-helpers:

receives information about the antigen from the antigen-presenting cell

Fab-fragment of immunoglobulin molecule:

provides binding to specific antigen

An immunoglobulin that can pass from the placenta is:

İgG

The detection of IgM against a certain pathogen in the blood serum of newborns confirms: ,

intrauterine infection

The detection of Ig G against a certain pathogen in the blood serum of newborns confirms:

that the mother has a relevant disease

How many idiotypes can an immunoglobulin of the same class have?

endless

Immune complexes:

is formed by the combination of antigen and specific antibody

Memory cells are formed from which cells:

from both T- and B-lymphocytes

The result of serological reactions is evaluated:

based on the formation of an antigen-antibody complex

The immediate, nonspecific response to a pathogen, the components of this response include phagocytic cells (macrophages and neutrophils), NK cells, TLRs, cytokines, and complement is:

Innate immunity

The destructive effect of T-killers on target cells is related to:

by lysis of target cells

Perforin, granzyme and granulysin:

They are cytotoxic substances of T-killers

The antigen binding center of the immunoglobulin molecule is formed:

Between the hypervariable domains of the L and H chain

What is indicated by 1 in the structural scheme of the immunoglobulin molecule?

Fab-fragment

What is indicated by 2 in the structural scheme of the immunoglobulin molecule?

Fc-fragment

What is indicated by 5 in the structural scheme of the immunoglobulin molecule?

active center

Fc-fragment of immunoglobulin molecule:

provides attachment to the surface of lymphocytes

Fc-fragment molecule of immunoglobulin:

provides connection with the complement

Which of these has a pentamer structure:

IgM

Which immunoglobulin is depicted in the picture?

IgM

On the surface of immune cells there are receptors for these immunoglobulins: 1) IgG 2) IgM 3) IgA 4) IgE 5) IgD

2, 5

The dominant antibody in the primary immune response is:

IgM

It is an immunoglobulin with a secretory component:

IgA

Monoclonal antibodies:

are antibodies synthesized by a B-lymphocyte clone

Used to get monoclonal antibodies:

hybridomas

What are the differences between monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies?

with strict specificity

It ensures the conversion of haptens into complete antigens:

their association with proteins

When a proteolytic enzyme (papain) acts on an immunoglobulin (IgG) molecule:

breaks down with the formation of two Fab-fragments and one Fc-fragment

Passes through the placenta:

IgG

Cytophilic immunoglobulins: 1) IgG 2) IgM 3) IgA 4) IgE 5) IgD

1, 4

Immunoglobulin with a secretory component:

IgA

Secretory component of immunoglobulin A:

protects it from destruction under the action of the secrets of the mucous membranes

Immunoglobulins involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions: 1) IgG 2) IgM 3) IgA 4) IgE 5) IgD

1, 4

Immune complexes:

are formed as a result of the combination of a specific antigen with an antibody

Incomplete antibodies:

have one active site

Attachment of an antigen to an incomplete antibody occurs:

his blockade

On what is the principle of revaccination based?

the secondary immune response is accompanied by the formation of antibodies in high titers

Participate in a specific humoral immune response:

antibodies

Mechanism of humoral specific immune response:

neutralization of antigens by specific antibodies

Participate in a specific cellular immune response:

T-killers

Mechanism of specific cellular immune response:

cytotoxic killing of target cells

When the immune system meets the same antigen again, the most effective reactions are provided by:

immunological memory

From what cells are memory cells formed?

from T- and B-lymphocytes

How do memory cells differ from other lymphocytes from a morphological point of view?

do not differ

Serological reactions are not typical for:

occurs between antigen and specific lymphocytes

Serological diagnosis is based on:

detection of specific antibodies or antigen in the patient's blood serum

Agglutination reaction is detected by:

sediment

Agglutination of bacteria without flagella is called:

O-agglutination

Agglutination of bacteria with flagella is called:

H-agglutination

For the agglutination reaction, use: 1) Meat-peptone broth; 2) Diagnosticum; 3) physiological solution; 4) Immune serum; 5) Lugol's solution;

2, 3, 4

The agglutination test was performed with dilutions of serum 1:50; 1:100; 1:200; 1:400; 1:800. When evaluating the results in all dilutions, as well as in the control, a positive reaction was observed. What is the titer of the agglutination reaction?

the reaction is set incorrectly

The agglutination reaction was performed with serum dilutions in ratios of 1:50; 1:100; 1:200; 1:400; 1:800. When evaluating the results, a positive reaction was observed in dilutions of 1:50; 1:100; 1:200; 1:400. In test tubes with dilutions of 1:800 and in the control, agglutination was not observed. Serum agglutinating titer:

1:400

Diagnostic titer of agglutinating serum:

titer confirming the disease

An agglutination reaction in which erythrocytes with antigens adsorbed on them are used as a diagnosticum is called:

indirect hemagglutination reaction

In an indirect hemagglutination reaction, the following is used as a diagnosticum:

erythrocytes with antigens adsorbed on them

Hemagglutination inhibition reaction is used for:

virus identification

The Coombs reaction is used for:

detection of incomplete antibodies detection of antibodies

Used to detect incomplete antibodies:

Coombs reaction

Anti-human (antiglobulin) antibodies are used in:

Coombs reactions

Precipitation reaction is determined by:

the appearance of turbidity

The directed movement of leukocytes up a gradient concentration toward the site of infection. This movement is

Chemotaxis

The agglutination reaction is manifested by:

with the formation of sediment

The inhibation of hemagglutination reaction is used:

in the identification of viruses

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay is based on:

detection of the corresponding antigen with the help of antibodies labeled with enzymes

Dr.Fatimə Hüseynova Alman Dili sualları 1-50

samnet net · 50問 · 2年前

Dr.Fatimə Hüseynova Alman Dili sualları 1-50