CARDIO

56問 • 1年前

JHAYS

通報

問題一覧

HEART LOCATED AT THE APPROXIMATELY AT THE LEVEL OF THE ______________, ___________

5TH INTERCOSTAL SPACE, MID-CLAVICULAR LINE

3 LAYERS OF THE HEART

EPICARDIUM, MYOCARDIUM, ENDOCARDIUM

LAYERS OF THE HEART - the actual contracting muscle of the heart

MYOCARDIUM

LAYERS OF THE HEART - lines the inner chambers and heart valves

ENDOCARDIUM

COVERINGS OF THE HEART ____________ - a double-walled sac - prevents heart from over expanding when blood volume increases - Limits heart motion - Reduces friction between the heart and surrounding tissues - Protects the heart against infection

PERICARDIUM

4 CHAMBERS OF HEART

ATRIA, VENTRICLES

4 CHAMBERS OF HEART - receiving chambers - assist with filling the ventricles - blood enters under low pressure

ATRIA

PART IN 4 CHAMBERS OF HEART - discharging chambers - thick-walled pumps of the heart - during contraction, blood is propelled into circulation

VENTRICLES

valves between atria and ventricles

ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES

- allow blood to flow in only one direction to prevent backflow - open and close in response to pressure changes in the heart

HEART VALVES

bicuspid (mitral) valve

LEFT AV VALVE

tricuspid valve

RIGHT AV VALVE

FUNCTION OF AV VALVES - anchored the cusps in place by chordae tendineae to the walls of the ventricles - _____ during heart relaxation, when blood passively fills the chambers - _____ during ventricular contraction

OPEN, CLOSED

OPERATION OF THE AV VALVES

Blood returning to the atria puts pressure against AV valves; the AV valves are forced open., As the ventricles fill, AV valve cusps hang limply into ventricles., Atria contract, forcing additional blood into ventricles., Ventricles contract, forcing blood against AV valve cusps., AV valves close, Chordae tendineae tighten, preventing valve cusps from everting into atria.

valves between ventricle and artery

SEMILUNAR VALVES

FUNCTION OF SEMILUNAR VALVES - prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles during relaxation - ________ during heart relaxation - ________ during ventricular contraction

CLOSED, OPEN

OPERATION OF THE SEMILUNAR VALVES

As ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against semilunar valves, forcing them open., As ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from arteries, filling the cusps of semilunar valves and forcing them to close.

blood in the heart does not nourish the _____

MYOCARDIUM

CARDIAC CIRCULATION - branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

CORONARY ARTERIES

CARDIAC CIRCULATION - drain the myocardium of blood

CARDIAC VEINS

CARDIAC CIRCULATION - a large vein on the posterior of the heart; receives blood from cardiac veins - blood empties into the right atrium via ______

CORONARY SINUS

CORONARY ARTERIES ➢ right atrium and ventricle ➢ inferior portion of the left ventricle ➢ posterior septal wall ➢ sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes.

RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY

CORONARY ARTERIES - consists of two major branches, ➢ the left anterior descending ➢ circumflex arteries.

LEFT MAIN CORONARY ARTERY

LEFT MAIN CORONARY ATERY ➢ supplies blood to the anterior wall of the left ventricle ➢ anterior ventricular septum ➢ apex of the left ventricle.

LEFT ANTERIOR DESCENDING ARTERY

LEFT MAIN CORONARY ARTERY ➢ supplies blood to the left atrium lateral and posterior surfaces of the left ventricle. ➢ The coronary arteries supply the capillaries of the myocardium with blood. ➢ If blockage occurs in these arteries, the client is at risk for myocardial infarction.

CIRCUMFLEX ARTERY

Intrinsic conduction system of the heart ➢ Located in the right atrium ➢ Serves as the heart’s pacemaker

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Intrinsic conduction system of the heart ➢ at the junction of the atria and ventricles

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Intrinsic conduction system of the heart ➢ are in the interventricular septum

Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His)

Intrinsic conduction system of the heart ➢ spread within the ventricle wall muscles

Purkinje fibers

Intrinsic conduction system of the heart pathway ➢ The ______ starts each heartbeat ➢ Impulse spreads through the _____ to the AV node ➢ Atria contract ➢ At the _______, the impulse is delayed briefly ➢ Impulse travels through the AV bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers ➢ Ventricles contract; blood is ejected from the heart

SINOSTRIAL NODE, ATRIA, AV NODE

- Located in the lower aspect of the atrial septum - Receives electrical impulses from the sinoatrial node - With 100ms delay to let the atria finish contracting - If the sinoatrial node fails, the atrioventricular node can initiate - sustain a heart rate of 40 to 60 beats/min. - QRS complex - Atrial repolarization and relaxation

AV NODE

• A continuation of the AV node • located at the interventricular septum • It branches into the right bundle branch • extends down the right side of the interventricular septum • left bundle branch, which extends into the left ventricle. • The right and left bundle branches terminate into Purkinje fibers.

THE BUNDLE OF HIS

- Diffuse network of conducting strands located beneath the ventricular Endocardium - These fibers spread the wave of depolarization through the ventricles - _______ can act as the pacemaker - Rate between 20 and 40 beats/min when higher pacemakers (such as the sinoatrial nerve) fail.

PURKINJE FIBERS

Homeostatic Imbalance • damage to AV node causes ventricles to beat at their own rate, which is much slower, some or all of the time • artificial pacemakers can be installed if damage to SA node

HEART BLOCK

Homeostatic Imbalance • lack or adequate blood supply to the heart muscles

ISCHEMIA

Homeostatic Imbalance • rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the ventricles; makes the heart unable

FIBRILLATION

Homeostatic Imbalance • rapid heart rate, over 100 beats per minute

TACHYCARDIA

Homeostatic Imbalance slow heart rate, less than 60 beats per minutes

BRADYCARDIA

• due to the closure of the AV valves • heard loudest at the apex of the heart

first heart sound (S1)

• due to the closure of the semilunar valves • heard loudest at the base of the heart.

second heart sound (S2)

• may be heard if ventricular wall compliance is decreased and structures in the ventricular wall vibrate; this can occur in conditions such as congestive heart failure or valvular regurgitation

S3 is due to the rushing of blood through the AV opening

• this is an abnormal finding, and the causes include cardiac hypertrophy, disease, or injury to the ventricular wall. • may be heard on atrial systole

S4 is due to contraction of the atrium

➢ sounds during heartbeat cycle (whooshing or swishing) made by turbulent blood in or near your heart ➢ Not a disease but may/can indicate an underlying heart problem

HEART MURMURS

The normal sinus heart rate is __ to __ beats/min.

60-100

➢ Also called pressoreceptors ➢ Located in the walls of the aortic arch and carotid sinuses. ➢ Specialized nerve endings affected by changes in the arterial BP. ➢ Increases in arterial pressure stimulate ________, and the heart rate and arterial pressure decrease. ➢ Decreases in arterial pressure reduce stimulation of the baroreceptors and vasoconstriction occurs, as does an increase in heart rate.

BARORECEPTORS

➢ Located in the vena cava and the right atrium, respond to pressure changes that affect circulatory blood volume.

STRETCH RECEPTORS

__________ in blood volume result in: ➢ decreased antidiuretic hormone release – increasing diuresis ➢ decreasing blood volume ➢ thus decreasing BP

INCREASES

_________ in blood volume result in: ➢ increased antidiuretic hormone release ➢ this promotes an increase in blood volume and therefore BP

DECREASES

➢ potent vasoconstrictor ➢ causes the BP to increase.

RENIN

The ________ is the contraction phase

SYSTOLE

The _______ is the relaxation phase

DIASTOLE

• ____/___ mm Hg • _____ systolic • _____ diastolic

120/80

- Amount of blood pumped by each side (ventricle) of the heart in 1 minute - Stroke volume multiplied by the number of heart beat in a minute (heart rate)

CARDIAC OUTPUT

- Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction (each heartbeat) - About 70 ml of blood is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat

STROKE VOLUME

- The degree of stretching of the heart muscle when it is filled-up with blood

PRELOAD

- The resistance to which the heart must pump to eject the blood

AFTERLOAD

HCI

HCI

TERMS

TERMS

HEALTH DEF

HEALTH DEF

ANAPHY PRELIMS REVIEW

JHAYS · 43問 · 1年前

ANAPHY PRELIMS REVIEW

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

BIOCHEM

BIOCHEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM

joints

joints

muscle and joint movements

JHAYS · 17問 · 1年前

muscle and joint movements

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

LIPIDS

LIPIDS

NEUROTRANSMITTER

NEUROTRANSMITTER

NERVOUS

NERVOUS

NERVOUS PART 2

NERVOUS PART 2

SPECIAL SENSES

SPECIAL SENSES

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

問題一覧

HEART LOCATED AT THE APPROXIMATELY AT THE LEVEL OF THE ______________, ___________

5TH INTERCOSTAL SPACE, MID-CLAVICULAR LINE

3 LAYERS OF THE HEART

EPICARDIUM, MYOCARDIUM, ENDOCARDIUM

LAYERS OF THE HEART - the actual contracting muscle of the heart

MYOCARDIUM

LAYERS OF THE HEART - lines the inner chambers and heart valves

ENDOCARDIUM

PERICARDIUM

4 CHAMBERS OF HEART

ATRIA, VENTRICLES

4 CHAMBERS OF HEART - receiving chambers - assist with filling the ventricles - blood enters under low pressure

ATRIA

PART IN 4 CHAMBERS OF HEART - discharging chambers - thick-walled pumps of the heart - during contraction, blood is propelled into circulation

VENTRICLES

valves between atria and ventricles

ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES

- allow blood to flow in only one direction to prevent backflow - open and close in response to pressure changes in the heart

HEART VALVES

bicuspid (mitral) valve

LEFT AV VALVE

tricuspid valve

RIGHT AV VALVE

OPEN, CLOSED

OPERATION OF THE AV VALVES

valves between ventricle and artery

SEMILUNAR VALVES

FUNCTION OF SEMILUNAR VALVES - prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles during relaxation - ________ during heart relaxation - ________ during ventricular contraction

CLOSED, OPEN

OPERATION OF THE SEMILUNAR VALVES

blood in the heart does not nourish the _____

MYOCARDIUM

CARDIAC CIRCULATION - branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

CORONARY ARTERIES

CARDIAC CIRCULATION - drain the myocardium of blood

CARDIAC VEINS

CARDIAC CIRCULATION - a large vein on the posterior of the heart; receives blood from cardiac veins - blood empties into the right atrium via ______

CORONARY SINUS

CORONARY ARTERIES ➢ right atrium and ventricle ➢ inferior portion of the left ventricle ➢ posterior septal wall ➢ sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes.

RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY

CORONARY ARTERIES - consists of two major branches, ➢ the left anterior descending ➢ circumflex arteries.

LEFT MAIN CORONARY ARTERY

LEFT MAIN CORONARY ATERY ➢ supplies blood to the anterior wall of the left ventricle ➢ anterior ventricular septum ➢ apex of the left ventricle.

LEFT ANTERIOR DESCENDING ARTERY

CIRCUMFLEX ARTERY

Intrinsic conduction system of the heart ➢ Located in the right atrium ➢ Serves as the heart’s pacemaker

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Intrinsic conduction system of the heart ➢ at the junction of the atria and ventricles

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Intrinsic conduction system of the heart ➢ are in the interventricular septum

Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His)

Intrinsic conduction system of the heart ➢ spread within the ventricle wall muscles

Purkinje fibers

SINOSTRIAL NODE, ATRIA, AV NODE

AV NODE

THE BUNDLE OF HIS

PURKINJE FIBERS

Homeostatic Imbalance • damage to AV node causes ventricles to beat at their own rate, which is much slower, some or all of the time • artificial pacemakers can be installed if damage to SA node

HEART BLOCK

Homeostatic Imbalance • lack or adequate blood supply to the heart muscles

ISCHEMIA

Homeostatic Imbalance • rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the ventricles; makes the heart unable

FIBRILLATION

Homeostatic Imbalance • rapid heart rate, over 100 beats per minute

TACHYCARDIA

Homeostatic Imbalance slow heart rate, less than 60 beats per minutes

BRADYCARDIA

• due to the closure of the AV valves • heard loudest at the apex of the heart

first heart sound (S1)

• due to the closure of the semilunar valves • heard loudest at the base of the heart.

second heart sound (S2)

• may be heard if ventricular wall compliance is decreased and structures in the ventricular wall vibrate; this can occur in conditions such as congestive heart failure or valvular regurgitation

S3 is due to the rushing of blood through the AV opening

• this is an abnormal finding, and the causes include cardiac hypertrophy, disease, or injury to the ventricular wall. • may be heard on atrial systole

S4 is due to contraction of the atrium

➢ sounds during heartbeat cycle (whooshing or swishing) made by turbulent blood in or near your heart ➢ Not a disease but may/can indicate an underlying heart problem

HEART MURMURS

The normal sinus heart rate is __ to __ beats/min.

60-100

BARORECEPTORS

➢ Located in the vena cava and the right atrium, respond to pressure changes that affect circulatory blood volume.

STRETCH RECEPTORS

__________ in blood volume result in: ➢ decreased antidiuretic hormone release – increasing diuresis ➢ decreasing blood volume ➢ thus decreasing BP

INCREASES

_________ in blood volume result in: ➢ increased antidiuretic hormone release ➢ this promotes an increase in blood volume and therefore BP

DECREASES

➢ potent vasoconstrictor ➢ causes the BP to increase.

RENIN

The ________ is the contraction phase

SYSTOLE

The _______ is the relaxation phase

DIASTOLE

• ____/___ mm Hg • _____ systolic • _____ diastolic

120/80

- Amount of blood pumped by each side (ventricle) of the heart in 1 minute - Stroke volume multiplied by the number of heart beat in a minute (heart rate)

CARDIAC OUTPUT

- Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction (each heartbeat) - About 70 ml of blood is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat

STROKE VOLUME

- The degree of stretching of the heart muscle when it is filled-up with blood

PRELOAD

- The resistance to which the heart must pump to eject the blood

AFTERLOAD