問題一覧
1
Which of the following is NOT a natural defense against inhaled foreign material?
Antigens
2
Which of the following produce immunoglobulins?
B lymphocytes
3
Which of the following antigens would increase levels of eosinophils on a CBC? I. Dust mites II. Sulfites III. Mold IV. Pet dander
I, II, III, and IV
4
The immune system is made up of which functional units? I. Humoral immunity II. Cell-mediated immunity III. Circulating immunity IV. Extrinsic immunity
I, II and III
5
Which of the following produce immunoglobulins?
B lymphocytes
6
Which of the following is NOT a natural defense against inhaled foreign material?
Antigens
7
Which of the following does NOT contribute to the early inflammatory response?
Arachidonic acid metabolism
8
What indicates that an asthma attack is allergy related?
The presence of eosinophils
9
Activation of the B lymphocytes involves which type of response?
Humoral response
10
Activation of the T lymphocytes involves which type of response?
Humoral response
11
Which of the following immunoglobulins is responsible for allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma?
IgE
12
Which of the following describes the release of chemical mediators from the mast cell?
Degranulation
13
If a patient has asthma that is triggered by the inhalation of antigens, he is said to have _____.
atopic or extrinsic asthma
14
What type of asthma responds to immunotherapy or allergy shots?
Extrinsic
15
How are leukotrienes released?
The lipoxygenase pathways release leukotriene, adding to the late-phase inflammatory response.
16
Which of the following is NOT caused by arachidonic acid?
Mast cell membrane destruction
17
Which of the following explains the release of leukotrienes?
The lipoxygenase pathways release leukotrienes, adding to the late-phase inflammatory response.
18
Which of the following metabolizes the mast cell membrane?
Phospholipase
19
Which of the following is most helpful in the treatment of late-phase inflammatory response?
Administration of systemic corticosteroids
20
Which of the following pathways produces prostaglandins?
Cyclo-oxygenase
21
Which of the following is TRUE concerning treating an immunocompromised patient with corticosteroids?
Immunocompromised patients are at risk for further compromise of their immune system.
22
Which of the following would NOT decrease in response to corticosteroid administration?
Beta2-receptors
23
Why use caution when prescribing oral corticosteroids?
They put patients at high risk for steroid dependence.
24
Which of the following would cause the retention of salt and water reabsorption by the kidneys, resulting in volume expansion?
Aldosterone
25
Which of the following would NOT occur with the administration of exogenous corticosteroids?
Hypothalamic stimulation causing CRF to be released
26
Why do you need to wean someone from corticosteroids?
To allow time for the body to regain internal regulation of endogenous corticosteroids
27
Which of the following best represents the mechanism of action for a corticosteroid? I. IInhibition of the arachidonic acid cascade II. Downregulation of the beta2-receptor III. Decreased production of eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes IV. Increased macrophage and leukocyte processing of antigens
I and III
28
Airway changes associated with chronic inflammation may be reduced or prevented by the administration of which type of medication?
Corticosteroids
29
Common side effects associated with corticosteroid administration include which of the following? I. Stomach irritation II. Headache III. Mood swings IV. Decreased appetite
I, II, and III
30
Which of the following corticosteroids is given parenterally and is advantageous for individuals with heart failure?
Solu-Medrol
31
Which of the following is a common side effect associated with the administration of inhaled corticosteroids?
Candidiasis
32
Which of the following adverse reactions are associated with the use of inhaled corticosteroids? I. Voice changes II. Oropharyngeal fungal infection III. Hoarseness IV. Suppression of HPA
I, II, and III
33
What should a patient do following administration of an inhaled corticosteroid?
Rinse the mouth with water or mouthwash.
34
A patient who has been taking an inhaled corticosteroid was NOT instructed to rinse after taking the medication. What is this patient at risk for developing?
Thrush
35
The Advair® Diskus® combines which of the following? I. Solu-Medrol® II. Serevent® III. Flovent® IV. Flonase®
II and III
36
Flovent® and Serevent® combined make which of the following medications?
Advair
37
Benefits of daily inhaled corticosteroids include which of the following?
Fewer severe exacerbations
38
When HPA suppression occurs, which type of dependency is MOST likely to develop?
Physiological
39
Which of the following describes the mechanisms of action for cromolyn sodium?
Inhibition of calcium influx into the mast cell, which prevents the release of chemical mediators
40
Which of the following medications are considered antiasthmatics?
Mast cell stabilizers
41
Which of the following is considered an antiasthmatic medication?
Intal
42
Mast cell degranulation can be prevented by the administration of which of the following medications?
Alocril
43
Which route of administration is utilized for cromolyn?
Inhalation
44
Side effects for the administration of cromolyn include all EXCEPT which of the following?
Tachycardia
45
Which of the following is caused by PGE1?
Bronchodilation
46
Prostaglandins may be inhibited by the administration of which of the following NSAIDS?
Aspirin
47
Montelukast® is considered which of the following types of medications?
Leukotriene modifier
48
Which of the following is NOT a leukotriene modifier?
Zileuton
49
Which of the following medications may be recommended for an individual who has a runny nose and is sneezing?
Allegra
50
Which of the following is administered for monoclonal antibody therapy?
Omalizumab
51
What is the name of the intranasal preparation of cromolyn sodium?
Nasalcrom
52
Which of the following describes the mechanism of action for antihistamine medications?
Blocking the action of histamine at the histamine 1 receptor
53
Which receptors are the site of action for antihistamines?
Histamine 1
54
All of the following are second generation antihistamines EXCEPT?
Benadryl
55
Side effects of antihistamine administration include which of the following?
Dry mouth
56
How do first-generation antihistamines differ from second-generation antihistamines?
First-generation antihistamines cause drowsiness and second-generation antihistamines do not cause drowsiness.
57
Antihistamines block which receptor?
Histamine 1 receptor
58
Histamine has which of the following effects on systemic circulation?
Vasodilation
59
Histamine has which of the following effects on the pulmonary system?
Increased airway resistance
60
Which of the following is an ingredient often used in decongestants?
Phenylephrine
61
What are the names of common antigens that bother asthmatic patients? I. dust mites II. smoke III. animal dander IV. mold V. pollen
I, II, III, IV, and V
62
The antibody mostly involved with allergic asthma is IgE.
True
63
An additional names for allergic asthma is atopic asthma.
True
64
The enzyme that metabolizes the phospholipid membrane of the mast cell is phospholipase.
True
65
The cascade of arachidonic acid produces two pathways of chemical mediators which are cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways.
True
66
The portion of the inflammatory response for a patient to most likely encounter the cascade of arachidonic acid is a Late-Phase response.
True
67
The type of medication that will help to block the cascade of arachidonic acid is corticosteroids.
True
68
The HPA axis is suppressed by the administration of inhaled corticosteroids.
False
69
If patients don’t rinse regularly after using an inhaled corticosteroid, the side effect that is likely to occur is Thrush.
True
70
Advair® consists of what fluticasone propionate and salmeterol.
True
71
Inhaled foreign material is called an antigen.
True
72
B lymphocytes produce antigen-specific immunoglobulins.
True
73
T lymphocytes remove or destroy antigens.
True
74
Dust mites are a common antigen.
True
75
Animal dander is a common antigen.
True
76
Pollen is NOT a common antigen.
False
77
Mold is NOT a common antigen.
False
78
IgE is most associated with mucous membranes.
False
79
Chemical mediators are released during mast cell degranulation.
True
80
Allergic asthma is also called extrinsic asthma and atopic asthma.
True
81
Nonallergic asthma is called intrinsic or nonatopic asthma.
True
82
Bronchospasm is NOT caused by histamine release.
False
83
The phospholipid membrane of the mast cell is metabolized by phospholipase.
True
84
Phospholipase does NOT produce arachidonic acid.
False
85
The lipoxygenase pathway produces leukotrienes.
True
86
Prostaglandins are produced by the cyclo-oxygenase pathway.
True
87
The arachidonic acid cascade happens in the early phase of the immune response.
False
88
Leukotrienes and prostaglandins do NOT lead to bronchoconstriction.
False
89
Corticosteroids are NOT beneficial in the management of the immune response.
True
90
The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis is disrupted by the administration of systemic corticosteroids.
True
91
Inhaled corticosteroids do NOT cause HPA suppression.
True
92
Corticosteroids do NOT upregulate the beta-receptors.
False
93
Salmeterol and Flovent® are medications used to create Advair®.
True
94
Rinsing can prevent thrush after administration of inhaled corticosteroid.
True
95
IgE biding is inhibited with the use of monoclonal antibody therapy.
True
96
Mast cell degranulation releases histamine.
True