is the scientific discipline that investigates microscopic organisms like bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa.

____, also called __________, are minute living things that individually are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye.

means very small, viewed by microscope

Because many scientist do not consider viruses as living organisms, the terms __________ are often used in reference to viruses

A disease causing microorganisms called ______

Microbes live on and in our bodies (skin, in the mouth and intestine) are known as ___________.

Some of them cause disease accidentally and known as __________ (__%)

Microorganisms are divided into:

• Developed first microscope, discovery of cells that marked the beginning of the cell theory. He observed smallest units of life, calls them cells

• Enhanced microscope magnification Published observations of tiny live moving objects – called them ______

• Theory of Biogenesis – living cells can only arise from living cells

• Vaccination, protected people from smallpox

• Invented Pasteurization – to kill contamination • Heating process called pasteurization is used to kill bacteria in some alcoholic beverages and milk

• According to him, physicians transmitted infections • Based on his studies, phenol (carbonic acid) killed bacteria • Treated surgical wounds and implements, reduced incidence of infection • Father of Modern Antisepsis

Proved the Germ Theory of Disease • _______ – experimental steps to prove a particular bacteria causes a particular disease

_________ • First chemotherapy for infection, theory of immunity • ______ (arsenic) for syphilis

• Invented the first antibiotic – ______ • _____ for Staphylococcus infections

Key role in setting standards for good public hygiene and preventing spread of infectious disease

_______is a fundamental principle of biology that states that all living organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from other cells

Experimented with ______ to grow bacteria on

Wife of colleague recommended ____

The classical cell theory was proposed by ________and ______

Petri dish named after _____, a German bacteriologis

an English nurse who was a proponent of cleanliness and antiseptic techniques to the field of nursing.

M – classified as such because they are true organisms because they have cells

– not true organisms because they lack cells

Microorganisms

A cellular infectious agents

Mobile Genetic Elements

Animal Parasites

are unicellular organisms. They have no nucleus, the cells are described as prokaryotic

Most bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall; they divide by _________ ,and they may possess _____ and ______.

• _____ consist of prokaryotic cells; they lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

• Mushrooms, molds, and yeasts have eukaryotic cells (cells with a true nucleus)

_____ are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that obtain nourishment by ________.

_____ are noncellular entities that are parasites of cells

consist of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. An envelope may surround the coat

The principal groups of multicellular animal parasites are flatworms and roundworms, collectively called ______

_________, the study of bacteria, began with Van Leeuwenhoek’s first examination of ______

_______, the study of fungi, includes medical, agricultural, and ecological branches.

_______, the study of protozoa and parasitic worms. Because many parasitic worms are large enough to be seen with the unaided eye, they have been known for thousands of years

______ was a Greek physician who practiced Medicine and was deified as the god of medicine.

________, the study of immunity. Knowledge about the immune system has accumulated steadily and expanded rapidly

_______ is a branch of biology that refers to the process of classifying different living species.

The Swedish botanist ________ is considered the father and founder of modern taxonomy. He developed a ranked system called ___________for categorizing organisms

– ________ is the highest taxonomic rank in the hierarchical biological classification system, above the kingdom level.

______ – There are 5 kingdoms in which the living organisms are classified, namely, Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera.

______ – Organisms are grouped into phyla based on shared characteristics, such as ancestry or body plan

_____ – The g_____enus is the taxonomic rank between family and species. The groups of organisms in a genus share many structural similarities and are very closely related.

is the most fundamental unit in taxonomy and ranks at the base of the biological classification hierarchy

________ are organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles

Prokaryotes are divided into two distinct groups: the ________ and the ______

are those organisms which contain Nucleus and membrane-bound organelles can be unicellular or multicellular

EUKARYOTES Cell division – _____

PROKARYOTES Cell division – _______

The term “____________" denotes the population of microorganisms that inhabit the skin and mucous membranes of healthy normal persons

Normal flora are ______ organisms in their usual anatomic site

Research has shown that the “________” provides a first line of defense against microbial pathogens.

______ resistance occurs when normal flora occupy receptor sites preventing pathogens from binding.

Skin – • Nose – • Mouth –

Dental plaque – • Colon – • Vagina –

The process by which bacteria stick to the surfaces of host cells. After bacteria have entered the body, adherence is a major initial step in the infection process.

_____ • Person or animal with asymptomatic infection that can be transmitted to another susceptible person or animal.

• Multiplication of an infectious agent within the body.

_______ • The process whereby bacteria, animal parasites, fungi, and viruses enter host cells or tissues and spread in the body.

• A microorganism capable of causing disease

• An agent capable of causing disease only when the host’s resistance is impaired (immunocompromised)

_____ • The ability of an infectious agent to cause disease

_______ • The ability of a microorganism to cause damage to its host. • the severity or harmfulness of a disease

_________ • direct (sexual, transvaginal), fecal-oral, inhalation, transplacental, bloodborne

• soil, water, direct animal source, vector-borne, animal excreta, fomites

are disorders that are caused by organisms, usually microscopic in size, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that are passed, directly or indirectly, from one person to another.

These recent outbreaks point to the fact that infectious diseases are not disappearing, but Rather seem to be reemerging and increasing

• These recent outbreaks point to the fact that infectious diseases are not disappearing, but rather seem to be reemerging and increasing

• These recent outbreaks point to the fact that infectious diseases are not disappearing, but rather seem to be reemerging and increasing

includes the time from exposure to an infectious agent until he onset of symptoms.The time period between exposure to a pathogen and the first symptoms appearing In the host.Viral or bacterial particles replicate during the

The _______ refers to the period after incubation and before the characteristic symptoms of infection occur. The early stage and symptoms of any condition

The third stage of infection is an illness or clinical disease. • This stage includes the time when a person shows apparent symptoms of an infectious disease. • The symptoms may be localized or systemic.

During the __________, the immune system mounts a successful defense against the pathogens and the number of infectious particles decreases.

During this stage, symptoms resolve, and a person can return to their normal functions.

– break down macromolecules into simple component parts, releasing energy in the process

build up macromolecules by combining simpler molecules, using energy in the process