investigates human behavior, emotion, thought, perception, learning, memory and all other elements of psychology in terms of biological structures (different regions of the brain and organs of the endocrine system) and physiological processes.

Mind and consciousness arise from....

All experiences and behaviors are all caused by the?

Evolution plays an important role in the thinking of physiological psychologists, hence the emergence of???

No discrete distinction between animal and humans, only a matter of degrees along a....

Also known as N(nuclear)MRI and magnetic resonance tomography MRT

it uses pulses of massively powerful magnets to excite hydrogen atoms which then emit a radio signal which is interpreted into images

(MRI) Offers very clear, high resolution images of the inside of the body, and is especially useful for seeing the....?

MRI

fMRI

Using the similar technology as MRI, fMRI works by detecting....... in the brain.

Higher rate of blood flow to any given area of the brain indicates that area to be in use and so needing?

Thus experimenters tell people to think or do things and find out which parts of the brain are involved in different tasks. • It can also be used to discover what different psychoactive drugs do in the brain. • It can also help determine what is malfunctioning in different psychological and psychiatric disorders • It can illustrate developmental changes in brain functioning

In X-ray CT, what does CT stand for?

other forms of computed tomography exist such as

other forms of computed tomography exist such as

other forms of computed tomography exist such as

A computer analyses x-rays into three dimensions. Used to be called?

means any technique of imaging cross sections (slices) of the body

Radioactive substance (called a ......) is placed into the body and it emits gamma rays which are detected by a sensor

SPECT

uses a radioactive substance to map out the functioning of brain areas during different tasks, but the higher concentrations are according to blood flow (like fMRI) and not metabolism (like X-ray CT scan

Measures electrical signals (brain waves) corresponding to brain activity

EEG

Abnormal/normal comparisons • Damage/normal comparisons • Electro-stimulation • Introduction of drugs directly into brain tissue • Introduction of drugs orally/injection • Blood tests • Brain samples • Unconscious behavior observations • Animal research

Helpful in identifying specific organic disruptions in mental illness and disturbances • Helps remove stigma from mental illnesses. • Offers important information about possible cures for mental/neurological issues. • Offers very concrete, quantitative data • Does not usually require deception or involve elaborate behavior/roles/scripts in experimentation

Does not accommodate idea of holism—that the human being is something more than the biological machine; that human consciousness is more than a survival tool resulting from evolution. • Can be invasive. • Experimental use of animals raises ethical questions. • Experimental use of animals may not generalize to humans • fMRI's don't actualy show brain activity, but blood flow and PET's show tracer levels

First brain surgery ( ) took place around 7000 BCE during times

context: "Men ought to know that from nothing else but the brain comes joy, delights, laughter and sports, and sorrows, griefs, despondency and lamentations. And by this, in an especial manner, we acquire wisdom and knowledge, and see and hear and know what are foul and what are fair, what are bad and what are good, what are sweet and what are unsavoury …. And by the same organ we become mad and delirious and fears and terrors assail us …. All these things we endure from the brain when it is not healthy …. In these ways I am of the opinion that the brain exercises the greatest power in the man."

retained the view that the heart was the centre of the intellect: he believed that the brain's function was to cool the blood.

In 2700 BCE, Shen Nung originated ______ based on Yin-yang philosophy. ________ was derived from Taoist traditions that were even older (8,000 years). It is an ancient Chinese method of relieving pain.

First written account on brain in 1700 BCE. The account describe 28 cases of brain, skull and spinal cord

Studied brain injured patients (gladiators) and noted that brain was the seat of our joys, pleasures, sorrows and etc. And our sensation and intelligence

Correctly identified mind in the brain, however his student Aristotle believed that mind was in the heart, brain to him was merely a radiator to cool the blood

A prominent roman surgeon agreed with Hippocrates on brain as the seat of mind. Carried out dissections and found cerebrum to be soft and cerebellum hard Also discover fluid-filled ventricles, which he thought (cerebrospinal fluid) was used to communicate

Persian physician, criticized Galen on his theory bodily humors. Describe seven cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves in Kitab al-hawi Fil-Tibb

Wrote seven volume book on optics called Kirab-al Manazir. Correctly identified light as an external source for vision and dispelled Empedocles ideas of the visual ray

An Arab surgeon from Spain, describe several surgical treatment for neurological disorders. Wrote Kitab-al-Tasrif, a thirty volume encyclopedia and medical practices

Also called the prince of medicine wrote "Al-Qanoon Fil-Tibb" The canon of medicine. He talked about perception, imagination and generation of ideas

Mind possessed innate ideas and proposed mind and body dualism interacting at the pineal gland. Describe reflect action as a basis of understanding behavior from a neuroscientific view