The art and science of determining angular and linear measurements to establish the form, extent, and relative position of points, lines, and areas on or near the surface of the earth or on other extraterrestrial bodies through applied mathematics and the use of specialized equipment and techniques.

2 Classifications of Surveying

It is a type of surveying where the earth is considered as a flat surface, and where distances and areas involved are of limited extent.

Surveys of wide extent which take into account the spheroidal shape of the earth.

Give the 10 types of Surveying

Closed surveys in urban and rural locations to determine and define property lines and boundaries, corners, and areas.

Surveys in the city for planning expansions, locating property lines, fixing reference monuments, determining physical features of land, and preparing maps.

Surveys done at a construction site to provide data regarding grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground configuration, and location and elevation of structures.

Survey in connection with forest management and mensuration, and the production and conservation of forest lands.

Surveys made to map shore lines, chart the shape of areas underlying water surfaces, and measure the flow of streams.surveys made to map shore lines, chart the shape of areas underlying water surfaces, and measure the flow of streams.

Known as optical tooling. Surveys for ship building, construction and assembly of aircraft, layout and installation of heavy and complex machinery, and for industries requiring very accurate dimensional layouts.

Surveys to determine the position of all underground excavations and surface mine structures, to fix surface boundaries of mining claims, determine geological formations, calculate excavated volumes, and establish lines and grades for other related mining work.

survey which uses photographs taken with specially designed cameras either from airplanes or ground stations.

determination of alignment, grades, earthwork quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in connection with the planning, design, and construction of highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines, and other linear projects.determination of alignment, grades, earthwork quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in connection with the planning, design, and construction of highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines, and other linear projects.

surveys to determine the shape of the ground, the location and elevation of natural and artificial features upon it.

Process of determining the extent, size or dimension of a particular quantity in comparison to a given standard.

Two Types of Measurements

Constitute the only reliable and permanent record of actual work done in field.

Used to record the field notes.

Difference between the true value and the measured value of a quantity