pr 2nd q

61問 • 1年前

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It is an integral part of a research as it outlines the steps involved in the research process.

Methods

• It is a rational and coherent overall strategy that the researcher uses Te incorporate all vital components of the study. • It enables the researcher to obtain more valid, objective, reliable, and accurate answers to the research questions.

RESEARCH DESIGN OF THE STUDY

Research Design in quantitative research is mostly pre-established. It gives the researchers a clearer comprehension of what he is trying to analyze or interpret.

Fraenkel and Wallen (2007, p 15)

in quantitative research is mostly pre-established. It gives the researchers a clearer comprehension of what he is trying to analyze or interpret.

Research Design

This design is exploratory in nature. Its purpose is basically to answer questions such as who, where, when, and how much. • It best used when the primary objective of the study is to observe and report certain phenomenon as it is happening.

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

This design seeks to establish an association between variables to clarify relationship and predict the magnitude of the association.

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN

in this desian. the researcher has no control over variables in the study. Thus, one cannot conclude that the changes measure happens during the actual conduct of the study.

EX-POST FACTO RESEARCH DESIGN

This research design aim to measure the causal relationship between variables. The partiality of ___designed come from assigning subjects, participants, or respondents into their groups.

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

This design is based on scientific method called experiment with procedures of gathering data under a controlled or manipulated environments. Random assignment of subjects or participants are done to increase validity of the study.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

• A systematic process of selecting group to be analyzed in the research. The goal is to get information from a group that represents the target population. • (Kumar, 2011) It if defined as obtaining a relatively small amount of sample from a bigger explore unknown information about certainpopulation

SAMPLING PROCEDURES

The totality of all the objects, elements, persons, and characteristics under consideration. • It can be described as a group of possessing a similar characteristics.

POPULATION

- Portion of the population in which the researcher has reasonable access

SAMPLE

• It refers to the general rule or rule of the thumb for sample size.

HEURISTIC RESEARCH SAMPLE APPROACH

This approach is done by reading similar or related literature and studies to your current research study. Using this approach increases the validity of your sampling procedure.

LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH SAMPLE APPROACH

This is established for the computation of an acceptable sample size. Use 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error .

FORMULA RESEARCH SAMPLE APPROACH

• All individuals from the target population nave an ecual chance of being selected for the sample. The researchers use a random process to recruit their participants.

PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Not all population members have an equal Chance of squy. This method is micie piactical and convenient for the researchers since the sample is chosen by the researcher from the target population rather than being randomly selected.

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Selecting randomly individuals to participate in the study by utilizing fishbowl technique, roulette wheel, or use of the table of random samples.

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

It pertains to the division of the target population into subgroups and randomly selects participants from each subgroup.

STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

• It involves grouping of the population according to subgroups or clusters. A method where multiple clusters from the chosen population will be created to have heterogeneous characteristics.

CLUSTER RANDOM SAMPLING

It is simple as selecting samples every nth of the chosen population until arriving at a desired total number of sample size. Where the n is a random number decided by the researcher.

SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

The researcher selects participants who are readily available and accessible to participate in the research study.

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

Similar to Stratified Sampling, __ involves selecting people from different subgroups from the target population.

QUOTA SAMPLING

The researcher chooses their participants intentionally because they are considered as most suitable in providing information for the research study.

PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

It is used when the characteristics of participants are uncommon The researcher contacts few potential participants and asks them to refer more participants who have similar characteristics.

SNOWBALL SAMPLING

It refers to a tool that measures specific items to gather quantitative data. Common instruments are performance tests, questionnaires, interviews, and observation checklists. • Clark and Creswell (2015) - It also allows researchers to observe behaviors and interview individuals

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

This is used by the researchers to collect basic information about participants. Basic information includes age, gender, ethnicity, and annual income.

DEMOGRAPHIC FORM

Used to assess or rate an individual's ability such as achievement, intelligence, aptitude, or interests.

PERFORMANCE MEASURE

Instruments used measure individual's attitudes and opinions about a subject.

ATTITUDINAL MEASURE

Used to record individual's behavior and are mostly used when researches want to measure an individual's actual behavior.

BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATION CHECKLIST

These tools are in written form and the responses of the respondents have to be written also.

PEN-AND-PAPER TEST

A tool consisting of a series of written questions. It is used to gather whole range of data about certain issues and problem. Hence, there are no "right" or "wrong" answers.

PEN-AND-PAPER TEST QUESTIONNAIRE

It measures the extent or degree of behavior or characteristic of the individuals. Responses to rating scale cannot be judged as "right" or "wrong."

PEN-AND-PAPER TEST RATING SCALE

This measure is being done by checking the item on the list that applies to his present situation. Responses to checklist cannot be judged as "right" or "wrong."

PEN-AND-PAPER TEST CHECKLIST

Most common scale used in quantitative research. Respondents were asked to rate or rank statements according to the scale.

LIKERT SCALE

a good research instrument is concise in length yet can elicit the needed data.

Concise

questions or items must be arranged well. It is recommended to arrange it from simplest to the most complex.

Sequental

the researcher makes sure that the variable and research question are established

Easily Tabulated

the instrument should pass the test of validity and realibility to get more appropriate and accurate information

VALID AND RELIABLE

• It is valuable in research. These are pieces of information gathered from participants that aid the understanding of a problem.

DATA ANALYSIS OF THE STUDY

• The process of collecting data. Process by which the researcher collects information needed to answer the research problem.

DATA COLLECTION OF THE STUDY

The data are only used to describe, identify, or name.

NOMINAL SCALE

The data denote rank or order, in addition to being able to name, or identify.

ORDINAL SCALE

The data have no "true" zero point.

INTERVAL SCALE

The data have a "true" zero point

RATIO SCALE

These are statistics that describe the typical characteristics of a group. They determine the point where most of the values or characteristics tend to congregate or group together.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

One of the many correlation tools often used for establishing simple relationships. It determines whether or not one variable, X is related to another variable, Y.

CORRELATION STATISTICS PEARSON R

- The higher the computer, the stronger the relationship; the smaller the obtained r, the weaker the relationship are

STRENGTH OF RELATIONSHIP

Positive correlation indicates where high values in X is associated with high values in Y and where low values in variables are associated with low values in Y variable.

Direction of Relationship

Section of the paper which arranges the gathered data accordingly for analysis and interpretation. Usually, ___ is done in a sequential manner with meaningful classification of data that are responsive to the purpose of the study.

DATA PRESENTATION

Data is arranged and organized in columns and rows

TABULAR

The data gathered is presented in paragraph form.

TEXTUAL

Data is presented using graphs or charts, such as bar, pie, line, etc.

GRAPHICS

The most critical aspect of the research report. This is done to assign meaning to the collected information and to determine its implication and significance to the study.

INTERPRETATION OF DATA GATHERED

The section you write the following: overall purpose and objective of the study, [2] the type of research used, [3] the nature and size of the sample, [4] locale of the study, [5] the main and subproblems, [6) major findings of the research.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

This section list the major outcomes derived from the study including issues and gaps in the study and literature.

CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY

This is the section where the researcher includes their practical suggestions on the study.

RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE STUDY

The list of sources and resources used by the researcher. The reference section should be written on a separate page.

REFERENCES OF THE STUDY

TYPES OF REFERENCES

American Psychological Association (APA) - used in education, psychology, And sciences Modern Language Association (MLA)- used in humanities. Chicago/Turabian - used in business, history and fine arts

The midpoint of a distribution value

MEDIAN

it is the most frequently occurring value in a distribution of values.

MODE

Gen Chem

Joshua Timbol · 65問 · 2年前

Gen Chem