consists of crystals of light-sensitive compounds (silver nitrate) evenly distribute throughout plastic base material.

are universally sensitive to the ultraviolet radiations and some wavelengths of blue light.

This layer is placed between the emulsion and the plastic base of a film to prevent whatever light that passes through the emulsion and reflected by the base back to the emulsion which forms a "halo."

is made of plastic material. They serve as a support to the emulsion.

This is expressed in arithmetical value.

which is expressed in logarithmic value.

This is expressed in the combined arithmetical and logarithmic values.

sensitive to ultraviolet rays and blue light only.

sensitive to ultraviolet radiation to blue, green, and red light or all colors.

sensitive' to ultraviolet rays, to blue, green red light and infrared rays.

This refers to the size of the metallic silver grains that are formed after development of an exposed film. Generally,

is a multi-layer emulsion coated on the same support or base. The top emulsion is sensitive to blue light only.

The suffix "color" is given to negative or non-reversal film. This film yields either a negative or a positive image depending on how it is used

The suffix "chrome" is applied to reversal material. This film when processed a positive image or transparency for projection viewing.

It has a slow speed and is suited for contact printing.

has a fast speed and is recommended for projection printing or enlarging.

is a multi-speed and could be used in both contact printing and enlarging.

is the degree or amount of which you can deviate from the ideal exposure or development without appreciable loss of print quality.

A natural-scene result from negatives with density range that are either too high or too low.

Numbers 0 and 1 are used on over-exposed or

Numbers 2 are used on normal exposed or

Numbers 3 to 5 used in under-exposed or

are essentially similar to the film used in the camera except that the emulsion layers are coated on a paper base and contain couplers which are colorless. Colored couplers are not used because the print would then be unsuitable for direct viewing.

both color and black-and-white are supplied in rolls or sheet in varying lengths or sizes.

is a light-tight box; with a lens to form an image; with a shutter and diaphragm to control the entry of the image; a means of holding a film to record the image /and a viewer or viewfinder to show the photographer what the image is.

These cameras have bellows and use sheet films in the size 4"x5", 5"x7 and 8"x10"

Some of these cameras are folding type with bellows and some are rigid-body with film size of 120, 220, 70 mm. The double lens reflex camera falls under this category.

Those with film size 126, 110, 35 mm., 16mm, and 8 mm.

Its rigid body design accepts a wide variety of lenses, viewers, film backs, and accessories (hundreds of them) can be attached or integrated to adapt to scientific, technical, architectural, astronomical, underwater, and many other kinds of photography.

This type of camera digitalizes the image which can then be put into a computer and enhanced through a software package such as Adobe Photoshop.

This camera has a limited number of images it can capture. The user will then be forced to erase the image or download it into a computer.

This camera allows the user to load and replace a variety of storage cards in much the same fashion as film is exposed and replaced with a new film. Removable media varies in size, in price, and compatibility with computers and other cameras.

are those cameras that allow you to do just that.

Cameras that belong to this classification may range from more advanced compact cameras to SLR-like super zooms.

The image from this lens is delivered to the viewfinder through a set of mirrors and / or prisms working like a periscope.

This type of camera determine the distance of an object.

Made of high-grade plastic or metal, this holds all the other parts together as well as provide protection to the delicate internal parts of the camera.

A proper term for this part should be Lens Assembly, this consists of several layers of lenses of varying properties providing zoom, focusing, and distortion correction. These lenses are mechanically interconnected and adjustment is controlled electronically by the camera's body.

This is the "trigger" of the camera. In most cameras, a half-press activates and locks the auto-focus, and a full press initiates the image capturing process.

Contains several symbols (slightly different on various camera models), this dial allows you to select a shooting mode, automatic or manual or a choice between one of the pre-defined settings.

A small viewing window that shows the image that the camera's imaging sensor sees. which shows the actual image in front of the camera through a peep hole or through mirrors.

Found around the old manual lens of SLR camera this is used to select an aperture opening. In modern lenses, the aperture is controlled electronically through the body.

This can also be found around the lens of a DSLR camera. This is turned to manually focus the lens.

In some compact cameras this acts as the viewfinder. This is a small screen (usually 1.8" diagonally or bigger) at the back of the camera which can be used for framing or for reviewing the recorded pictures.

Built-in on the body of most compact and some DSLR cameras this can either be fixed or flip type, it provides an instantaneous burst of bright light to illuminate a poorly lit scene.

Usually includes a set of directional keys and a few other buttons to activate certain functions and menus, this is used to let users interact with the camera's computer system.

Turns on or off the camera. This may also contain a Record / Play Mode selector on some cameras.

Usually marked with W and T, which stands for "Wide" and "Tele" respectively, this is used to control the camera's lenses to zoom-in or zoom-out. For DSLR cameras, the zoom is usually controlled by a zoom ring in the lens.

Holds the batteries. Depending on the camera model, this varies in size and shape.

This is where expansion memory cards are inserted. The proper position of the card is often indicated. A mechanical catch usually holds the card in place and a spring helps it eject.

Standard holder with contact plates for optional Flash accessory.

Usually available in mid to high end sub-compact cameras and DSLRs located besides the viewfinder. This varies the focal length of the lens in the viewfinder to make even people wearing eyeglasses to see clearly through it even without the eyeglasses.

It is where your standard Tripod or Monopod is attached for added stability.

is a small or tiny hole which produces an image entirely free from distortion but its image is sQ dim that it is impractically long even if the fastest film is used. It is also not practical to enlarge the hole for more light because the larger the hole, the more blurred is the image.

Image formed by this method is simply the shadow of an object. The chief of application of this method is in X-ray photography and in making photograms.

This is the best method of image formation because it is capable of forming a sharp image even with a large opening so it is suited for a camera.

is a. transparent medium which either converge or diverge light rays passing through it to form an image.

This lens is always thicker at the center and thinner at the sides. Light passing through it are bended toward each other on the other side of the lens meeting at a point. It produces a real image on the opposite side of the lens or where light is coming from.

This lens is always thinner at the center and thicker at the sides. Light passing through it are bended away from each other as if coming from a point. It produces a virtual image on the same side of the lens or where light is coming from.

The ideal lens for forensic photography would be capable of producing critically sharp and distortion-free image. Some other lenses are unfit for the preparation of photographic evidence because they have optical defects known as?

When light passing through near the central part of a converging lens are bended more sharply than those rays falling in the edge, thus the rays coming from the edges are focused on a plane nearer the lens than those coming from the central part.

This is another form of spherical aberration but is concerned with the light rays entering the lens obliquely. The defect is noticeable only on the outer edges and not on the central part of the lens. If a lens has coma, circular objects reproduced at the corners of the negative are comet-like form. just like the spherical aberration, it is reduced by combinations of lenses of different curvatures.

This is a kind of defect where the image formed by a lens comes to a sharper focus in a curved surface than a flat surface. The correction of this defect is similar to spherical aberration and coma.

It is incapable of rendering straight lines correctly; either horizontal or vertical lines in an. object. This is caused by the placement of the diaphragm.

If the diaphragm is placed Infront of the lens, straight lines near the edges of the object tends to bulge outside. This is known as the?

If the diaphragm is placed behind of the lens, straight lines near the edges tends to bend inward. This is known as the?

This defect is the inability of the lens to bring photographic rays of different wave lengths to the same focus. Ultraviolet rays are bent though most while infrared rays are bent the least when they pass through the lens.

This defect is reduced by utilizing compound lenses made up of single lens made up of glass of different curvatures.

With this defect, a single point from a subject falling near the margin of the negative will be imaged not as a point but as two perpendicular short lines, one of which is always be out of focus while the other is sharp. This defect is lessened by combining lenses of special kind of glass having the correct combinations of spherical surfaces.

This defect is present when the size of image produced by photographic rays of one wave length is different from the size produced by another. Size of the image increases as the wavelength of the rays decreases.

is corrected for chromatic aberration.

is corrected for distortion.

is corrected for astigmatism as well as the other lens defects.

is also corrected for astigmatism but with higher degree of correction to color.

is the distance measured from the optical center of the lens to the film plane when the lens is set or focused at infinity position or far distance.

is the distance from the optical center of the lens to the film plane.

a lens with a focal length of less than the diagonal of its negative material. This lens will have a wide area of coverage but produces a small image size. This is usually used in taking pictures indoor or inside a small room. It is also used outdoor to get a panoramic view of a scene.

is a lens with a focal length approximately equal or more but not more than twice the diagonal of its negative material. It is referred to as normal because its coverage corresponds to nearly the coverage of the human eye.

is a lens with a focal length of more than twice the diagonal of its negative material. This lens produces a bigger image of objects at far distance but its area of coverage is smaller.

is a lens with variable focal length.

is defined as the distance between the nearest and the farthest object in apparent sharp focus when the lens is set or focused on a given distance.

refers to a small circle which is seen by the eye, not as a circle but a dot or point.

This is the nearest distance at which a lens is focused with a given particular diaphragm opening which will give the maximum depth of field.

in a final photograph depends largely upon the distance upon which it is viewed.

is defined as the setting of the proper distance in order to form a sharp image.

this method, one has to use a measuring device (tape measure, yardstick, ruler, etc.) and actually measure the distance from the lens of the camera to the subject.

is a mechanism used to measure the angle of convergence of light as seen from two apertures or opening but viewed at the same time.

This method of focusing is standard in single lens reflex camera. Since the viewing and focusing is made from light rays passing through the lens, it is not affected by the problem of parallax.

This method of focusing is usually used on compact cameras with a fixed lens.

This method of focusing is accomplished by direct observation of the image of the subject on a glass with finely grounded surface known as?

is the change of appearance and orientation of objects when seen from two viewpoints. It is also used to refer to the distance between the viewpoints themselves.

is a device that opens to uncover the film t& make an exposure for an accurately timed intervals then closes automatically.

This shutter is located in between the lens component. It is made of metal blades. Its action starts from the center toward the sides then closes back to the center. This type of shutter, can be synchronized with a flash unit with every shutter speed.

This shutter is located directly in front of the film or on the focal plane. It is usually made of cloth or metal curtain. Its action starts from one side and closes on the opposite side. This type of shutter can give a faster shutter speeds than the between-the-lens shutter.

is the action of recording radiant energy that produces a change on a material or substance sensitive to such energy.

This technique is used when exposure calculation that will give a desired result is uncertain; make several exposures of less than and more than the calculated exposure by two or four f-stops each.

more than one flash unit is used. One is connected to the camera with a flash cord while the other is attached to a "slave" unit.

when you want to eliminate or add illumination to shadow areas or subject so detail that otherwise will not appear clearly in the final picture.

the shutter speed is set at "B" and once the shutter is open, the flash is activated or fired released manually. Then the shutter is released or is closed.

is another form of open flash technique. With this technique, the flash unit is moved from place to place, fired manually until all areas of the scene or large subjects are fully illuminated and the shutter is then released or is closed. This technique is used in photographing a stadium or in night photography and the subject is a big building or an open field with little or no other source of illumination.