問題一覧
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can be quicker than speaking or listening, as written text can be rapidly scanned
reading
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People interact with or create information by using a variety of external representations, including books, multimedia, newspapers, web pages, maps, diagrams, notes, drawings, and so on.
external cognition
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types of interactions
instructing conversing manipulating exploring responding
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involves recalling various kinds of knowledge that allow people to act appropriately.
memory
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Hypotheses can be made about how long someone will take to perceive and respond to a stimulus also known as
reaction time
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this are the 4 processes involving reflective cognition.
problem solving planning reasoning decision making
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involves mental effort, attention, judgment, and decision-making, which can lead to new ideas and creativity.
reflective cognition
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who define a conceptual model as “a high- level description of how a system is organized and operates
jeff johnson and austin henderson
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The framework comprises three interacting components
designer's model system image user's model
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users issue instructions to a system. This can be done in a number of ways.
instructing
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a state of mind where people perceive, act, and react to events around them intuitively and effortlessly.
experiential cognition
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a set of interrelated concepts and/or a set of specific questions that are intended to inform a particular domain area.
framework
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How the system actually works, which is portrayed to the user through the interface, manuals, help facilities, and so on
system image
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Allowing the design team to establish a set of common terms that all can understand and agree upon, reducing the chance of misunderstandings and confusion arising later.
common ground
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a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of a phenomenon
theory
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Enabling the design team to ask specific kinds of questions about how the conceptual model will be understood by the targeted users.
orientation
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goal-directed with the goal of being able to remember it.
intentional learning
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refers to a general approach that has been adopted by a community of researchers and designers for carrying out their work in terms of shared assumptions, concepts, values, and practices.
paradigm
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Cognition has also been described in terms of specific kinds of processes. These include the following:
attention perception memory learning reading, speaking, and listening
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Allowing the team to explore a range of different ideas to address the problems identified .
open-mindedness
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the distance from the physical system to the user.
gulf of evaluation
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three that focus primarily on mental processes .
mental models gulf of execution and evaluation external cognition
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have difficulties understanding and recognizing written words, making it hard for them to write grammatical sentences and spell correctly.
dyslexics
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refers to how information is acquired from the environment via the five sense organs (vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch)
perceptions
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When beginning a design project, it is important to be clear about the underlying
assumptions and claims
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involve people interacting with external kinds of representations, such as books, documents, and computers and also with each other.
distributed cognition
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are used by people when needing to reason about a technology.
mental models
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involves working through different scenarios and deciding which is the best option or solution to a given problem.
reasoning
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is central to everyday life. It enables us to cross the road without being hit by a car or bicycle, notice when someone is calling our name, and be able to text while at the same time watching TV.
attention
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is permanent while listening is transient.
written language
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requires less cognitive effort than reading or speaking.
listening
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There are many different kinds of cognition
thinking remembering learning daydreaming decision making seeing reading writing talking
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Where the system initiates the interaction and the user chooses whether to respond.
responding
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describing our interactions with technology and the world is to conceive of it as embodied.
embodied interaction
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it can lead to better clarity, forcing designers to explain how users will understand, learn about, and interact with the product.
user experience
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is a simplified description of a system or process that helps describe how it works.
model
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approach to conceptualizing how the mind works has been to use metaphors and analogies to describe cognitive processes.
information processing
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The extent to which this process is easy or difficult depends on
whether someone has clear goals and whether the information they need is salient in the environment
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describes the distance from the user to the physical system
gulf of execution
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are considered to be a central component of a conceptual model.
metaphors
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is a future scenario that frames research and development in interaction design often depicted in the form of a film or a narrative.
vision
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three others that explain how humans interact and use technologies in the context in which they occur.
information processing distributed cognition emboided interaction
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Where users have a dialog with a system.
conversing
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Where users move through a virtual environment or a physical space.
exploring
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Where users interact with objects in a virtual or physical space by manipulating them (for instance, opening, holding, closing, and placing)
manipulating
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this are three forms of language processing that have some similar and some different properties.
reading speaking and listening
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is closely connected with memory.
learning
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which relates to the awareness of the position and movement of the parts of the body through internal sensory organs (known as proprioceptors)
kinesthesia
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occurs without any intention to learn.
incidental learning