Final Exam

PSYC 2515

Final Exam

50問 • 1年前PSYC 2515

問題一覧

Playing the lottery is an example of behavior maintained by which of the following?

variable‑ratio schedule

To help an autistic child learn to say the word ball, the therapist might use his hand to guide the child's mouth and lips into the proper position. This is an example of which of the following?

prompting

If a telemarketer makes many call and occasionally gets someone to buy his product, this is an example of which of the following?

variable-ratio schedule

Evidence from laboratory experiments on why responding is faster on VR than VI schedules has favored...

the molecular theory

Rapid, steady responding is most typical of performance on which of the following?

variable-ratio schedule

To be effective, a token reinforcement system...

none of the above

An accelerating pattern of responding is most typical of behavior on which of the following?

fixed-interval schedule

A stop‑and‑go pattern of responding is most typical of performance on which of the following?

fixed‑ratio schedule

In a fixed‑interval 60‑second schedule, the delivery of a reinforcer...

requires at least one response

If a parent gives a child a special privilege every time the child successfully completes five homework assignments, this is an example of which of the following?

fixed-ratio schedule

According to the one factor theory of avoidance,

Avoidance of an aversive event itself serve as a reinforcer

Taking an aspirin every day to reduce one’s chances of a heart attack is an example of a behavior controlled by

negative reinforcement

If a teacher believes that a child is constantly being disruptive in a classroom because it allows him to avoid doing his assignment, the best behavior decelerator to use is probably

escape extinction

To treat a woman in a psychiatric hospital who hoarded towels, the nurses gave the woman a large number of towels. This is an example of

stimulus satiation

It may be difficult to reduce a behavior with punishment if

punishment is delayed, the behavior is highly motivated, the intensity of the punishment is gradually increased.

According to Bolles's theory of species‑specific defense reactions, shock‑avoidance learning in a rat would probably be slowest if the required response were

pressing a lever

If an inappropriate behavior appears to occur because it is reinforced by attention from others, the best behavior decelerator to use is probably

Extinction

After training an avoidance response, response blocking can

an increase in avoidance responses

A disadvantage of using punishment is that

one must continually monitored the subject’s behaviour

If a parent refuses to give a child his weekly allowance after some bad behavior, this is an example of...

omission

Students interested in improving their study habits should

none of the above

Pavlov believed that generalization was

an automatic by‑product of the conditioning process

The phenomenon of peak shift, the most rapid responding is shifted

away from the S-

If a child judges an unfamiliar plant to be a tree because it has a large brown trunk and green leaves, this supports the ______ of concept learning.

feature theory

A pigeon responds on a multiple schedule in which a VI 30‑second schedule is in effect both when the response key is red and when the response key is green. Next, the schedule associated with the green key is changed to extinction. Which of the following changes in behavior would be an example of positive behavioral contrast?

an increase in response rate on the red key

According to the theory of Lashley and Wade, generalization is

dependent on discrimination training along the relevant dimension

In deciding whether an ostrich is a bird, a child would probably

respond slower than if the question was whether a robin is a bird

Studies on errorless discrimination training have found that it is effective for...

both children and adults

Based on Terrace's research on "errorless" discrimination learning, which of the following strategies is not a good way to develop good discrimination between an S+ and an S‑?

allow the animal to make many responses to the S‑ early in training

not get into bed until she is sleepy

In video self-modeling, the patient sees a video of himself or herself

performing a behavior correctly

Bandura's research on children's imitation of the aggressive behaviors of a filmed model showed that

how much a child imitates a model depends on whether the model's behavior is reinforced or punished

In the debate about the relation between watching TV violence and aggressive behavior,

there is evidence that boys who watch violent TV are more aggressive many years later

The main problem with studies that show a correlation between TV violence and aggressive behavior in children is that

it is difficult to say whether watching TV violence leads to aggressive behavior, or whether aggressive children choose to watch more TV violence

“A person will imitate another when he expects to be rewarded for doing so.” This statement is most consistent with

Bandura’s theory of imitation

Which of the following is not necessary for imitation to occur, according to Bandura's theory?

practice of the observed behaviors

Recording children’s television viewing habits early in life and comparing them to their aggressive tendencies later in life is an example of

longitudinal study

Mirror neurons are specialized nerve cells that respond

both when you perform a behavior and when you see someone else perform that behavior

In attempts to use modeling as treatment for socially withdrawn children, it has been found that

graduated exposure to models engaging in more and more energetic social interactions is effective

Bandura and his colleagues have examined the effects of different factors in the treatment of children's fear of dogs. Which of the following factors was most important for the success of the therapy?

the presence of a model who interacted with a dog

In phase 1 of a choice experiment involving concurrent VI schedules, a human subject receives 25% of his reinforcers by making a left response. In phase 2, he receives 75% of his reinforcers by making a left response. The subject's percentage of left responses is 40% in phase 1, and 60% in phase 2. This performance is an example of

undermatching

Pigeons are more likely to choose a more desirable but delayed reinforcer instead of an immediate but less desirable reinforcer if

some other, irrelevant behavior can be performed during the delay period

The matching law states that...

there is a linear relationship between responding and reinforcement

According to momentary maximization theory, in a concurrent VI VI situation, a subject will

switch quickly from the poorer VI to the better VI, but switch slowly form the better VI to the poorer VI

Which equation best represents the matching law?

B1/B1+B2 = R1/R1+R2

An individual must make a choice between a small reinforcer and a larger but more delayed reinforcer. If the individual is forced to make a commitment well in advance of when the options will be delivered, the individual will be

more likely to choose the large reinforcer

Experiments have shown that in situations where optimization theory predicts one behavior and the matching law predicts another,

animals usually behave as the matching law predicts.

Who developed the matching law?

Herrnstein

The matching law has been applied to choice situations where the two options differ in

rate of reinforcement, amount of reinforcement, quality of reinforcement

Choice behaviour refers to...

allocation of responding

PSYC 2515

ユーザ名非公開 · 13問 · 1年前

PSYC 2515

13問 • 1年前

ユーザ名非公開

問題一覧

Playing the lottery is an example of behavior maintained by which of the following?

variable‑ratio schedule

To help an autistic child learn to say the word ball, the therapist might use his hand to guide the child's mouth and lips into the proper position. This is an example of which of the following?

prompting

If a telemarketer makes many call and occasionally gets someone to buy his product, this is an example of which of the following?

variable-ratio schedule

Evidence from laboratory experiments on why responding is faster on VR than VI schedules has favored...

the molecular theory

Rapid, steady responding is most typical of performance on which of the following?

variable-ratio schedule

To be effective, a token reinforcement system...

none of the above

An accelerating pattern of responding is most typical of behavior on which of the following?

fixed-interval schedule

A stop‑and‑go pattern of responding is most typical of performance on which of the following?

fixed‑ratio schedule

In a fixed‑interval 60‑second schedule, the delivery of a reinforcer...

requires at least one response

If a parent gives a child a special privilege every time the child successfully completes five homework assignments, this is an example of which of the following?

fixed-ratio schedule

According to the one factor theory of avoidance,

Avoidance of an aversive event itself serve as a reinforcer

Taking an aspirin every day to reduce one’s chances of a heart attack is an example of a behavior controlled by

negative reinforcement

If a teacher believes that a child is constantly being disruptive in a classroom because it allows him to avoid doing his assignment, the best behavior decelerator to use is probably

escape extinction

To treat a woman in a psychiatric hospital who hoarded towels, the nurses gave the woman a large number of towels. This is an example of

stimulus satiation

It may be difficult to reduce a behavior with punishment if

punishment is delayed, the behavior is highly motivated, the intensity of the punishment is gradually increased.

According to Bolles's theory of species‑specific defense reactions, shock‑avoidance learning in a rat would probably be slowest if the required response were

pressing a lever

If an inappropriate behavior appears to occur because it is reinforced by attention from others, the best behavior decelerator to use is probably

Extinction

After training an avoidance response, response blocking can

an increase in avoidance responses

A disadvantage of using punishment is that

one must continually monitored the subject’s behaviour

If a parent refuses to give a child his weekly allowance after some bad behavior, this is an example of...

omission

Students interested in improving their study habits should

none of the above

Pavlov believed that generalization was

an automatic by‑product of the conditioning process

The phenomenon of peak shift, the most rapid responding is shifted

away from the S-

If a child judges an unfamiliar plant to be a tree because it has a large brown trunk and green leaves, this supports the ______ of concept learning.

feature theory

an increase in response rate on the red key

According to the theory of Lashley and Wade, generalization is

dependent on discrimination training along the relevant dimension

In deciding whether an ostrich is a bird, a child would probably

respond slower than if the question was whether a robin is a bird

Studies on errorless discrimination training have found that it is effective for...

both children and adults

Based on Terrace's research on "errorless" discrimination learning, which of the following strategies is not a good way to develop good discrimination between an S+ and an S‑?

allow the animal to make many responses to the S‑ early in training

not get into bed until she is sleepy

In video self-modeling, the patient sees a video of himself or herself

performing a behavior correctly

Bandura's research on children's imitation of the aggressive behaviors of a filmed model showed that

how much a child imitates a model depends on whether the model's behavior is reinforced or punished

In the debate about the relation between watching TV violence and aggressive behavior,

there is evidence that boys who watch violent TV are more aggressive many years later

The main problem with studies that show a correlation between TV violence and aggressive behavior in children is that

it is difficult to say whether watching TV violence leads to aggressive behavior, or whether aggressive children choose to watch more TV violence

“A person will imitate another when he expects to be rewarded for doing so.” This statement is most consistent with

Bandura’s theory of imitation

Which of the following is not necessary for imitation to occur, according to Bandura's theory?

practice of the observed behaviors

Recording children’s television viewing habits early in life and comparing them to their aggressive tendencies later in life is an example of

longitudinal study

Mirror neurons are specialized nerve cells that respond

both when you perform a behavior and when you see someone else perform that behavior

In attempts to use modeling as treatment for socially withdrawn children, it has been found that

graduated exposure to models engaging in more and more energetic social interactions is effective

the presence of a model who interacted with a dog

undermatching

Pigeons are more likely to choose a more desirable but delayed reinforcer instead of an immediate but less desirable reinforcer if

some other, irrelevant behavior can be performed during the delay period

The matching law states that...

there is a linear relationship between responding and reinforcement

According to momentary maximization theory, in a concurrent VI VI situation, a subject will

switch quickly from the poorer VI to the better VI, but switch slowly form the better VI to the poorer VI

Which equation best represents the matching law?

B1/B1+B2 = R1/R1+R2

more likely to choose the large reinforcer

Experiments have shown that in situations where optimization theory predicts one behavior and the matching law predicts another,

animals usually behave as the matching law predicts.

Who developed the matching law?

Herrnstein

The matching law has been applied to choice situations where the two options differ in

rate of reinforcement, amount of reinforcement, quality of reinforcement

Choice behaviour refers to...

allocation of responding