問題一覧
1
Mirror neurons are specialized nerve cells that respond
both when you perform a behavior and when you see someone else perform that behavior
2
If a parent refuses to give a child his weekly allowance after some bad behavior, this is an example of...
omission
3
Experiments have shown that in situations where optimization theory predicts one behavior and the matching law predicts another,
animals usually behave as the matching law predicts.
4
The matching law has been applied to choice situations where the two options differ in
rate of reinforcement, amount of reinforcement, quality of reinforcement
5
According to Bolles's theory of species‑specific defense reactions, shock‑avoidance learning in a rat would probably be slowest if the required response were
pressing a lever
6
Pavlov believed that generalization was
an automatic by‑product of the conditioning process
7
A stop‑and‑go pattern of responding is most typical of performance on which of the following?
fixed‑ratio schedule
8
To be effective, a token reinforcement system...
none of the above
9
Studies on errorless discrimination training have found that it is effective for...
both children and adults
10
Bandura and his colleagues have examined the effects of different factors in the treatment of children's fear of dogs. Which of the following factors was most important for the success of the therapy?
the presence of a model who interacted with a dog
11
The main problem with studies that show a correlation between TV violence and aggressive behavior in children is that
it is difficult to say whether watching TV violence leads to aggressive behavior, or whether aggressive children choose to watch more TV violence
12
In phase 1 of a choice experiment involving concurrent VI schedules, a human subject receives 25% of his reinforcers by making a left response. In phase 2, he receives 75% of his reinforcers by making a left response. The subject's percentage of left responses is 40% in phase 1, and 60% in phase 2. This performance is an example of
undermatching
13
In deciding whether an ostrich is a bird, a child would probably
respond slower than if the question was whether a robin is a bird
14
After training an avoidance response, response blocking can
an increase in avoidance responses
15
According to the one factor theory of avoidance,
Avoidance of an aversive event itself serve as a reinforcer
16
It may be difficult to reduce a behavior with punishment if
punishment is delayed, the behavior is highly motivated, the intensity of the punishment is gradually increased.
17
If a parent gives a child a special privilege every time the child successfully completes five homework assignments, this is an example of which of the following?
fixed-ratio schedule
18
allow the animal to make many responses to the S‑ early in training
not get into bed until she is sleepy
19
Based on Terrace's research on "errorless" discrimination learning, which of the following strategies is not a good way to develop good discrimination between an S+ and an S‑?
allow the animal to make many responses to the S‑ early in training
20
To help an autistic child learn to say the word ball, the therapist might use his hand to guide the child's mouth and lips into the proper position. This is an example of which of the following?
prompting
21
If a child judges an unfamiliar plant to be a tree because it has a large brown trunk and green leaves, this supports the ______ of concept learning.
feature theory
22
If a teacher believes that a child is constantly being disruptive in a classroom because it allows him to avoid doing his assignment, the best behavior decelerator to use is probably
escape extinction
23
Who developed the matching law?
Herrnstein
24
An accelerating pattern of responding is most typical of behavior on which of the following?
fixed-interval schedule
25
The phenomenon of peak shift, the most rapid responding is shifted
away from the S-
26
Recording children’s television viewing habits early in life and comparing them to their aggressive tendencies later in life is an example of
longitudinal study
27
Choice behaviour refers to...
allocation of responding
28
To treat a woman in a psychiatric hospital who hoarded towels, the nurses gave the woman a large number of towels. This is an example of
stimulus satiation
29
If an inappropriate behavior appears to occur because it is reinforced by attention from others, the best behavior decelerator to use is probably
Extinction
30
A pigeon responds on a multiple schedule in which a VI 30‑second schedule is in effect both when the response key is red and when the response key is green. Next, the schedule associated with the green key is changed to extinction. Which of the following changes in behavior would be an example of positive behavioral contrast?
an increase in response rate on the red key
31
Taking an aspirin every day to reduce one’s chances of a heart attack is an example of a behavior controlled by
negative reinforcement
32
Which of the following is not necessary for imitation to occur, according to Bandura's theory?
practice of the observed behaviors
33
According to momentary maximization theory, in a concurrent VI VI situation, a subject will
switch quickly from the poorer VI to the better VI, but switch slowly form the better VI to the poorer VI
34
If a telemarketer makes many call and occasionally gets someone to buy his product, this is an example of which of the following?
variable-ratio schedule
35
Bandura's research on children's imitation of the aggressive behaviors of a filmed model showed that
how much a child imitates a model depends on whether the model's behavior is reinforced or punished
36
In a fixed‑interval 60‑second schedule, the delivery of a reinforcer...
requires at least one response
37
Students interested in improving their study habits should
none of the above
38
Which equation best represents the matching law?
B1/B1+B2 = R1/R1+R2
39
In video self-modeling, the patient sees a video of himself or herself
performing a behavior correctly
40
In the debate about the relation between watching TV violence and aggressive behavior,
there is evidence that boys who watch violent TV are more aggressive many years later
41
A disadvantage of using punishment is that
one must continually monitored the subject’s behaviour
42
Playing the lottery is an example of behavior maintained by which of the following?
variable‑ratio schedule
43
The matching law states that...
there is a linear relationship between responding and reinforcement
44
In attempts to use modeling as treatment for socially withdrawn children, it has been found that
graduated exposure to models engaging in more and more energetic social interactions is effective
45
Pigeons are more likely to choose a more desirable but delayed reinforcer instead of an immediate but less desirable reinforcer if
some other, irrelevant behavior can be performed during the delay period
46
“A person will imitate another when he expects to be rewarded for doing so.” This statement is most consistent with
Bandura’s theory of imitation
47
Evidence from laboratory experiments on why responding is faster on VR than VI schedules has favored...
the molecular theory
48
Rapid, steady responding is most typical of performance on which of the following?
variable-ratio schedule
49
According to the theory of Lashley and Wade, generalization is
dependent on discrimination training along the relevant dimension
50
An individual must make a choice between a small reinforcer and a larger but more delayed reinforcer. If the individual is forced to make a commitment well in advance of when the options will be delivered, the individual will be
more likely to choose the large reinforcer