The Emergency Medical Technician would document an FDO2 level when the patient is:

What is required for normal perfusion to occur?

Which gas law is disrupted when a patient sustains a spinal cord injury resulting in paralysis to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles?

What is the primary way in which oxygen is transported to the cells?

A patient who is hypoxic has a pulmonary disease that involves low lung compliance. With this condition, you realize that:

Failure of the sodium-potassium pump can result in:

An unresponsive patient with a pulse is breathing with very shallow respirations at a rate of 6 breaths per minute. Which intervention would be most beneficial for this patient?

A patient who has lost one liter of blood is conscious with a patent airway, but her extremities are pale and cold to the touch. Vital signs are as follows: pulse is 130, respirations are 22 breaths/min and adequate, blood pressure is 74/56 mmHg, and SpO2 is 95% on room air. What is needed most by this patient to increase perfusion to the cells?

Which blood pressure reading best indicates a narrowed pulse pressure?

You and the critical care transport team are taking a critically ill patient to another hospital. Among many IV infusions and monitors, the patient is also on a ventilator. You note that the FDO2 is set at 0.50. What does this mean?

While completing some clinical time in the hospital for his Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) class, an EMT student observed a patient being administered an IV fluid with a high oncotic pressure. Once this fluid is in the patient's body, the EMT student would expect which action to occur?

A 100-kilogram patient with a 400-milliliter tidal volume, breathing 12 times each minute, would have a minute ventilation of how many milliliters?

A patient with asthma is extremely short of breath and hypoxic. Related to the ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q), the Emergency Medical Technician would recognize the problem as related to:

A patient has sustained a gunshot injury to his right thorax. When you listen to his breath sounds, they are diminished over the right thorax. What is the most logical explanation for this finding?

A chronically elevated afterload increases the patient's chance for developing which pathological condition?

Under normal circumstances, carbon dioxide is excreted from the body through the:

A patient with a severe infection is very sick. Circulating toxins from bacteria in his blood have decreased his systemic vascular resistance. Which blood pressure change would the Emergency Medical Technician correlate to this condition?

A patient has failure of the left side of his heart. Consequently, his blood is backing up into the pulmonary artery and seeping into the lung tissue, causing the patient to be short of breath and moderately hypoxic. The Emergency Medical Technician should recognize this condition as a product of:

What is the result of an opening developing that allows air into the space between the visceral and parietal pleura of the thorax?

A drop in blood pressure below a critical threshold is a threat to the body because it directly impairs:

What blood pressure change is most likely to cause left ventricular failure?

A slightly confused but conscious 61-year-old female patient with generalized weakness has a heart rate of 190 beats/min. She has a history of high blood pressure and diabetes. Her blood pressure is 78/56 mmHg, and she has a pulse oximetry reading of 93%. Which disturbance would best explain this patient's presentation?

What is the actual site of attachment of oxygen in the red blood cell?

A patient's brain cells are undergoing anaerobic metabolism. As a result, those cells:

What would be a direct result of increasing a patient's preload?

The patient in anaerobic metabolism is deficient in/of:

A 20-year-old female patient has called 911 for chest pain. On scene, you find that she has shallow breathing with an SpO2 reading of 91% on room air. She states she was in a car crash yesterday and diagnosed in the hospital with broken ribs. Her pain is right where the ribs are broken, and she rates the pain as a 10/10. Breath sounds are present bilaterally. In this situation, the Emergency Medical Technician should attribute the hypoxia to which cause?

A patient who is weak informs you that she has a history of her "iron being too low." This should concern the Emergency Medical Technician because iron is needed to:

If a patient's blood pressure cannot be increased by adding volume, then which other action would most likely be successful in increasing it?

When a patient has a narrowed pulse pressure, what is occurring?

Which condition would most likely account for an elevated CO2 level in a patient's body?

What is the primary stimulus to breathe in human beings without pulmonary diseases?

For a patient breathing in room air, the Emergency Medical Technician would estimate the FiO2 to be:

For a patient who is acutely bleeding, what is the immediate response of the human body?

Which condition would directly compromise the average patient's cardiac output?

A patient is hemorrhaging internally within his colon, which in turn is impairing perfusion to the cells of his body. Aside from the bleeding and passing of blood rectally, the patient has no other problems. In this scenario, the problem impairing adequate perfusion would be:

You are caring for a 66-year-old male patient who is severely dehydrated. How does severe dehydration affect the cardiovascular system?

Which condition must be met for carbon dioxide to move from the cell to the bloodstream?

A patient's lungs are full of fluid and cannot transfer oxygen to the blood. As a result, she is undergoing anaerobic metabolism. She has a decreased level of consciousness with a patent upper airway and inadequate respirations. Her pulse is rapid and weak. Which prehospital treatment would best address this situation?

What situation could impair a patient's respiratory status by directly damaging the central chemoreceptors of the body?

A patient has been shot three times in the abdomen and has massive internal hemorrhage and blood loss. Which treatment will give this patient the best chance at survival?

What happens after a cell in anaerobic metabolism breaks down glucose and creates energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate?

For cells to undergo the process of aerobic metabolism, the cells require:

The Emergency Medical Technician is administering oxygen at 95% through a nonrebreather face mask. He would document this as an FiO2 of:

What is the best way to decrease a patient's afterload?

A confused and lethargic 24-year-old male patient has intentionally overdosed on a narcotic medication. His vital signs are as follows: pulse, 36; respirations, 10 breaths/min; blood pressure, 50/20 mmHg; and SpO2, 88% with 15 liters per minute of oxygen applied by Emergency Medical Responders. What is the greatest danger to this patient's well-being?

A patient with high blood pressure takes a medication to slow his heart rate, thereby lowering his blood pressure. The Emergency Medical Technician would recognize this action as impacting:

Which situation would most likely cause a patient to have a simple episode of syncope (fainting)?

Paramedics have administered a medication to a patient with heart failure. The medication specifically causes the veins (only) to dilate, thereby decreasing the amount of blood that returns to the heart for pumping. The Emergency Medical Technician would recognize this action as decreasing:

Why would a drop in the oxygen content of the blood stream cause an increase in the patient's blood pressure?

What definition best describes the concept of afterload?

The body will initially compensate for a decrease in cardiac output by:

When a healthy person has a sudden increase in blood pressure, what will occur next?

What is baroreceptors' role in the body?

Which condition is most likely to cause acidosis?

Which condition is recognized as one that will affect the ventilation component of the ventilation/perfusion ratio?

Which statement about chemoreceptors in the human body is true?

Assessment of a hypoxic patient who is showing signs of fatigue and has a history of lung disease reveals him to be using well-developed accessory muscles to exhale. As an Emergency Medical Technician, you should recognize that the patient:

What is the protective mechanism underlying a narrowed pulse pressure?

A patient's SpO2 increased from 89% to 95% after he received a bronchodilating drug for his asthma. Where did the patient's problem most likely originate?

A patient with cancer is receiving chemotherapy. As a side effect of the treatment, her white blood cell count is critically low. Given this situation, which sign or symptom should the Emergency Medical Technician find particularly concerning?

For a patient who relies on the hypoxic drive to breathe, the respiratory rate will increase when:

Which process of ventilation is correctly adhering to Boyle's law as it relates to ventilation?

A 35-year-old male patient is lethargic and dehydrated after working at a construction site for 12 hours on a very hot day. You obtain the following vital signs: pulse, 136; respirations, 22 breaths/min; blood pressure, 102/88 mmHg; and SpO2, 100% with supplemental oxygen. As a knowledgeable Emergency Medical Technician, you would recognize:

A patient has a pulmonary condition known as asthma that results in significant bronchoconstriction. If this patient is found to be hypoxic during an asthma attack, which type of disturbance is most likely causing the hypoxia?

Which statement about the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio in a healthy person is true?

The Emergency Medical Technician would most likely see a narrowed pulse pressure in a patient who:

A patient with a high fever has an accelerated metabolism and is producing abnormally large amounts of carbon dioxide at the cellular level. To compensate for this effect, what will occur?

What is the greatest component that makes up ambient air?

What is the best description of minute ventilation

A patient has a blood pressure of 140/98 mmHg. What can the Emergency Medical Technician ascertain from this reading?

A patient with liver disease has a low platelet count. Which additional finding would the Emergency Medical Technician directly correlate to this condition?

When cells undergo normal metabolism in the body, which byproduct(s) is (are) produced?

On scene, a 43-year-old male states that he has a history of liver failure and does not produce enough of the protein albumin. Given this condition, which finding(s) would you expect?

A patient with a low blood sugar is unresponsive with snoring respirations. His breathing is labored and his pulse is rapid and weak. Examination of the skin reveals it to be cool and diaphoretic. Your partner informs you of the following vital signs: pulse, 120; respirations, 18 breaths/min; blood pressure, 132/60 mmHg; and SpO2 at 84% on room air. Which action would you perform first?

Normal cellular metabolism can be defined as:

Perfusion is best described as:

What is the best description of the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio?

A young patient is experiencing epiglottitis. He is working hard to breathe, has stridorous respirations, and is extremely hypoxic. His skin is cyanotic and his pulse is rapid but strong. What is the most likely cause (not result) of the poor delivery of oxygen to the cells?

Which statement is true of a patient who relies on the hypoxic drive to breathe?

A patient with a temperature of 105.4°F is experiencing systemic vasodilation. Which finding would be consistent with this condition?