Chapter 8

81問 • 11ヶ月前

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通報

問題一覧

Normal cellular metabolism can be defined as:

Aerobic.

When cells undergo normal metabolism in the body, which byproduct(s) is (are) produced?

Heat, carbon dioxide, and water

Under normal circumstances, carbon dioxide is excreted from the body through the:

lungs

The patient in anaerobic metabolism is deficient in/of:

Oxygen

A patient's brain cells are undergoing anaerobic metabolism. As a result, those cells:

Are becoming dysfunctional in an environment that is increasingly acidic.

A patient's lungs are full of fluid and cannot transfer oxygen to the blood. As a result, she is undergoing anaerobic metabolism. She has a decreased level of consciousness with a patent upper airway and inadequate respirations. Her pulse is rapid and weak. Which prehospital treatment would best address this situation?

Positive pressure ventilation with supplemental oxygen

What happens after a cell in anaerobic metabolism breaks down glucose and creates energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate?

Lactic acid is formed.

For cells to undergo the process of aerobic metabolism, the cells require:

Oxygen and glucose.

Failure of the sodium-potassium pump can result in:

Cellular damage, swelling, and rupture.

Perfusion is best described as:

Delivery of essential products and nutrients to the cell for its use.

A patient is hemorrhaging internally within his colon, which in turn is impairing perfusion to the cells of his body. Aside from the bleeding and passing of blood rectally, the patient has no other problems. In this scenario, the problem impairing adequate perfusion would be:

Decreased blood volume.

What is required for normal perfusion to occur?

Adequate breathing, sufficient numbers of red blood cells, and sufficient heart function

A patient who has lost one liter of blood is conscious with a patent airway, but her extremities are pale and cold to the touch. Vital signs are as follows: pulse is 130, respirations are 22 breaths/min and adequate, blood pressure is 74/56 mmHg, and SpO2 is 95% on room air. What is needed most by this patient to increase perfusion to the cells?

Increased number of red blood cells and plasma volume

The Emergency Medical Technician is administering oxygen at 95% through a nonrebreather face mask. He would document this as an FiO2 of:

0.95.

For a patient breathing in room air, the Emergency Medical Technician would estimate the FiO2 to be:

0.21

The Emergency Medical Technician would document an FDO2 level when the patient is:

Assisting breathing with a bag-valve-mask device.

A patient with a low blood sugar is unresponsive with snoring respirations. His breathing is labored and his pulse is rapid and weak. Examination of the skin reveals it to be cool and diaphoretic. Your partner informs you of the following vital signs: pulse, 120; respirations, 18 breaths/min; blood pressure, 132/60 mmHg; and SpO2 at 84% on room air. Which action would you perform first?

Perform a head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver

A young patient is experiencing epiglottitis. He is working hard to breathe, has stridorous respirations, and is extremely hypoxic. His skin is cyanotic and his pulse is rapid but strong. What is the most likely cause (not result) of the poor delivery of oxygen to the cells?

Partial occlusion of the airway

A 20-year-old female patient has called 911 for chest pain. On scene, you find that she has shallow breathing with an SpO2 reading of 91% on room air. She states she was in a car crash yesterday and diagnosed in the hospital with broken ribs. Her pain is right where the ribs are broken, and she rates the pain as a 10/10. Breath sounds are present bilaterally. In this situation, the Emergency Medical Technician should attribute the hypoxia to which cause?

Pain from rib injury prevents full expansion of the chest cage.

A patient who is hypoxic has a pulmonary disease that involves low lung compliance. With this condition, you realize that:

Ventilation with a bag-valve mask will likely require more effort.

Assessment of a hypoxic patient who is showing signs of fatigue and has a history of lung disease reveals him to be using well-developed accessory muscles to exhale. As an Emergency Medical Technician, you should recognize that the patient:

Is using energy to exhale and is in danger of respiratory failure if hypoxia continues.

A patient with a high fever has an accelerated metabolism and is producing abnormally large amounts of carbon dioxide at the cellular level. To compensate for this effect, what will occur?

Increased respiratory rate

What situation could impair a patient's respiratory status by directly damaging the central chemoreceptors of the body?

Brainstem stroke or injury

Which condition is most likely to cause acidosis?

Depressed respirations

Which statement about chemoreceptors in the human body is true?

The peripheral chemoreceptors are more sensitive to oxygen than carbon dioxide.

Which statement is true of a patient who relies on the hypoxic drive to breathe?

The respiratory rate is set according to the level of O2 in the body.

For a patient who relies on the hypoxic drive to breathe, the respiratory rate will increase when:

O2 levels decrease.

What is the primary stimulus to breathe in human beings without pulmonary diseases?

Level of CO2 in the body

What is the best description of minute ventilation

Amount of air moved into and out of the lungs in 1 minute

A 100-kilogram patient with a 400-milliliter tidal volume, breathing 12 times each minute, would have a minute ventilation of how many milliliters?

1,200 mL

An unresponsive patient with a pulse is breathing with very shallow respirations at a rate of 6 breaths per minute. Which intervention would be most beneficial for this patient?

Positive pressure ventilation with a rate of 12 breaths/min and a tidal volume of 500 mL

What is the best description of the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio?

The ability of the body to exchange gases across the alveolar capillary membrane

Which statement about the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio in a healthy person is true?

The upper portion of the lungs has wasted ventilation.

Which condition is recognized as one that will affect the ventilation component of the ventilation/perfusion ratio?

Infection and pus in the distal airways and alveoli

A patient's SpO2 increased from 89% to 95% after he received a bronchodilating drug for his asthma. Where did the patient's problem most likely originate?

Ventilation portion of the V/Q ratio

What is the primary way in which oxygen is transported to the cells?

Red blood cells

What is the actual site of attachment of oxygen in the red blood cell?

Iron sites on hemoglobin within the red blood cell

Which condition would most likely account for an elevated CO2 level in a patient's body?

Lung disease

Which condition must be met for carbon dioxide to move from the cell to the bloodstream?

The perfusing blood must be low in carbon dioxide.

A patient who is weak informs you that she has a history of her "iron being too low." This should concern the Emergency Medical Technician because iron is needed to:

Carry oxygen throughout the body.

A patient has failure of the left side of his heart. Consequently, his blood is backing up into the pulmonary artery and seeping into the lung tissue, causing the patient to be short of breath and moderately hypoxic. The Emergency Medical Technician should recognize this condition as a product of:

Increased hydrostatic pressure.

On scene, a 43-year-old male states that he has a history of liver failure and does not produce enough of the protein albumin. Given this condition, which finding(s) would you expect?

Swelling of the extremities and abdomen

While completing some clinical time in the hospital for his Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) class, an EMT student observed a patient being administered an IV fluid with a high oncotic pressure. Once this fluid is in the patient's body, the EMT student would expect which action to occur?

Fluid from the tissues will move into the bloodstream.

A patient with high blood pressure takes a medication to slow his heart rate, thereby lowering his blood pressure. The Emergency Medical Technician would recognize this action as impacting:

Cardiac output.

Paramedics have administered a medication to a patient with heart failure. The medication specifically causes the veins (only) to dilate, thereby decreasing the amount of blood that returns to the heart for pumping. The Emergency Medical Technician would recognize this action as decreasing:

Preload.

What would be a direct result of increasing a patient's preload?

Increased cardiac output

A patient has a blood pressure of 140/98 mmHg. What can the Emergency Medical Technician ascertain from this reading?

The afterload is increased.

A chronically elevated afterload increases the patient's chance for developing which pathological condition?

Heart failure

What definition best describes the concept of afterload?

Pressure that the left ventricle must pump blood against to open the aortic valve

What is the best way to decrease a patient's afterload?

Reduce the blood pressure

A slightly confused but conscious 61-year-old female patient with generalized weakness has a heart rate of 190 beats/min. She has a history of high blood pressure and diabetes. Her blood pressure is 78/56 mmHg, and she has a pulse oximetry reading of 93%. Which disturbance would best explain this patient's presentation?

Excessive tachycardia

A patient with a temperature of 105.4°F is experiencing systemic vasodilation. Which finding would be consistent with this condition?

Decreased blood pressure

If a patient's blood pressure cannot be increased by adding volume, then which other action would most likely be successful in increasing it?

Vasoconstriction of the body's arteries

Which situation would most likely cause a patient to have a simple episode of syncope (fainting)?

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

The Emergency Medical Technician would most likely see a narrowed pulse pressure in a patient who:

Is bleeding internally

Which blood pressure reading best indicates a narrowed pulse pressure?

108/88 mmHg

When a patient has a narrowed pulse pressure, what is occurring?

The blood vessels are constricting.

What is the protective mechanism underlying a narrowed pulse pressure?

Maintain an adequate blood pressure for perfusion

The body will initially compensate for a decrease in cardiac output by:

Increasing systemic vascular resistance.

When a healthy person has a sudden increase in blood pressure, what will occur next?

Baroreceptors will signal the brain to decrease the heart rate.

What is baroreceptors' role in the body?

Monitor the blood pressure

A drop in blood pressure below a critical threshold is a threat to the body because it directly impairs:

Cellular perfusion.

A patient with cancer is receiving chemotherapy. As a side effect of the treatment, her white blood cell count is critically low. Given this situation, which sign or symptom should the Emergency Medical Technician find particularly concerning?

Oral temperature of 102.7°F

A patient with liver disease has a low platelet count. Which additional finding would the Emergency Medical Technician directly correlate to this condition?

Excessive bruising to arms

You are caring for a 66-year-old male patient who is severely dehydrated. How does severe dehydration affect the cardiovascular system?

It decreases the blood volume available for circulation.

Which condition would directly compromise the average patient's cardiac output?

Heart rate of 190 beats/min

You and the critical care transport team are taking a critically ill patient to another hospital. Among many IV infusions and monitors, the patient is also on a ventilator. You note that the FDO2 is set at 0.50. What does this mean?

The provided oxygen concentration is set at 50 percent.

A patient with asthma is extremely short of breath and hypoxic. Related to the ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q), the Emergency Medical Technician would recognize the problem as related to:

Inadequate oxygen in the alveoli.

A patient has been shot three times in the abdomen and has massive internal hemorrhage and blood loss. Which treatment will give this patient the best chance at survival?

Stopping the bleeding

A patient with a severe infection is very sick. Circulating toxins from bacteria in his blood have decreased his systemic vascular resistance. Which blood pressure change would the Emergency Medical Technician correlate to this condition?

Blood pressure of 64/26 mmHg

What blood pressure change is most likely to cause left ventricular failure?

Chronically elevated diastolic pressure between 120 and 140 mmHg

For a patient who is acutely bleeding, what is the immediate response of the human body?

Vasoconstriction caused by the sympathetic nervous system

A 35-year-old male patient is lethargic and dehydrated after working at a construction site for 12 hours on a very hot day. You obtain the following vital signs: pulse, 136; respirations, 22 breaths/min; blood pressure, 102/88 mmHg; and SpO2, 100% with supplemental oxygen. As a knowledgeable Emergency Medical Technician, you would recognize:

Elevated heart rate to increase cardiac output.

A confused and lethargic 24-year-old male patient has intentionally overdosed on a narcotic medication. His vital signs are as follows: pulse, 36; respirations, 10 breaths/min; blood pressure, 50/20 mmHg; and SpO2, 88% with 15 liters per minute of oxygen applied by Emergency Medical Responders. What is the greatest danger to this patient's well-being?

Decreased cellular perfusion

What is the result of an opening developing that allows air into the space between the visceral and parietal pleura of the thorax?

Progressive collapse of the lung

Which process of ventilation is correctly adhering to Boyle's law as it relates to ventilation?

When the diaphragm contracts, it creates a negative intrathoracic pressure causing air to enter the lungs

Which gas law is disrupted when a patient sustains a spinal cord injury resulting in paralysis to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles?

Charles' law

A patient has sustained a gunshot injury to his right thorax. When you listen to his breath sounds, they are diminished over the right thorax. What is the most logical explanation for this finding?

The negative pressure between the pleural linings has been lost, causing the lung tissue to collapse.

Why would a drop in the oxygen content of the blood stream cause an increase in the patient's blood pressure?

Sympathetic stimulation of the cardiovascular system improves oxygen delivery to the brain and tissues.

A patient has a pulmonary condition known as asthma that results in significant bronchoconstriction. If this patient is found to be hypoxic during an asthma attack, which type of disturbance is most likely causing the hypoxia?

Ventilation disturbance

What is the greatest component that makes up ambient air?

Argon

Chapter 1

ユーザ名非公開 · 47問 · 11ヶ月前

Chapter 1

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Chapter 2

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Chapter 2

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Chapter 4

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Chapter 4

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Chapter 5

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Chapter 5

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Chapter 6

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Chapter 6

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Chapter 9

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Chapter 9

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Chapter 10

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Chapter 10

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Chapter 10 Part 2

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Chapter 10 Part 2

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Chapter 11

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Chapter 11

59問 • 11ヶ月前

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問題一覧

Normal cellular metabolism can be defined as:

Aerobic.

When cells undergo normal metabolism in the body, which byproduct(s) is (are) produced?

Heat, carbon dioxide, and water

Under normal circumstances, carbon dioxide is excreted from the body through the:

lungs

The patient in anaerobic metabolism is deficient in/of:

Oxygen

A patient's brain cells are undergoing anaerobic metabolism. As a result, those cells:

Are becoming dysfunctional in an environment that is increasingly acidic.

Positive pressure ventilation with supplemental oxygen

What happens after a cell in anaerobic metabolism breaks down glucose and creates energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate?

Lactic acid is formed.

For cells to undergo the process of aerobic metabolism, the cells require:

Oxygen and glucose.

Failure of the sodium-potassium pump can result in:

Cellular damage, swelling, and rupture.

Perfusion is best described as:

Delivery of essential products and nutrients to the cell for its use.

Decreased blood volume.

What is required for normal perfusion to occur?

Adequate breathing, sufficient numbers of red blood cells, and sufficient heart function

Increased number of red blood cells and plasma volume

The Emergency Medical Technician is administering oxygen at 95% through a nonrebreather face mask. He would document this as an FiO2 of:

0.95.

For a patient breathing in room air, the Emergency Medical Technician would estimate the FiO2 to be:

0.21

The Emergency Medical Technician would document an FDO2 level when the patient is:

Assisting breathing with a bag-valve-mask device.

Perform a head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver

Partial occlusion of the airway

Pain from rib injury prevents full expansion of the chest cage.

A patient who is hypoxic has a pulmonary disease that involves low lung compliance. With this condition, you realize that:

Ventilation with a bag-valve mask will likely require more effort.

Is using energy to exhale and is in danger of respiratory failure if hypoxia continues.

A patient with a high fever has an accelerated metabolism and is producing abnormally large amounts of carbon dioxide at the cellular level. To compensate for this effect, what will occur?

Increased respiratory rate

What situation could impair a patient's respiratory status by directly damaging the central chemoreceptors of the body?

Brainstem stroke or injury

Which condition is most likely to cause acidosis?

Depressed respirations

Which statement about chemoreceptors in the human body is true?

The peripheral chemoreceptors are more sensitive to oxygen than carbon dioxide.

Which statement is true of a patient who relies on the hypoxic drive to breathe?

The respiratory rate is set according to the level of O2 in the body.

For a patient who relies on the hypoxic drive to breathe, the respiratory rate will increase when:

O2 levels decrease.

What is the primary stimulus to breathe in human beings without pulmonary diseases?

Level of CO2 in the body

What is the best description of minute ventilation

Amount of air moved into and out of the lungs in 1 minute

A 100-kilogram patient with a 400-milliliter tidal volume, breathing 12 times each minute, would have a minute ventilation of how many milliliters?

1,200 mL

An unresponsive patient with a pulse is breathing with very shallow respirations at a rate of 6 breaths per minute. Which intervention would be most beneficial for this patient?

Positive pressure ventilation with a rate of 12 breaths/min and a tidal volume of 500 mL

What is the best description of the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio?

The ability of the body to exchange gases across the alveolar capillary membrane

Which statement about the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio in a healthy person is true?

The upper portion of the lungs has wasted ventilation.

Which condition is recognized as one that will affect the ventilation component of the ventilation/perfusion ratio?

Infection and pus in the distal airways and alveoli

A patient's SpO2 increased from 89% to 95% after he received a bronchodilating drug for his asthma. Where did the patient's problem most likely originate?

Ventilation portion of the V/Q ratio

What is the primary way in which oxygen is transported to the cells?

Red blood cells

What is the actual site of attachment of oxygen in the red blood cell?

Iron sites on hemoglobin within the red blood cell

Which condition would most likely account for an elevated CO2 level in a patient's body?

Lung disease

Which condition must be met for carbon dioxide to move from the cell to the bloodstream?

The perfusing blood must be low in carbon dioxide.

A patient who is weak informs you that she has a history of her "iron being too low." This should concern the Emergency Medical Technician because iron is needed to:

Carry oxygen throughout the body.

Increased hydrostatic pressure.

On scene, a 43-year-old male states that he has a history of liver failure and does not produce enough of the protein albumin. Given this condition, which finding(s) would you expect?

Swelling of the extremities and abdomen

Fluid from the tissues will move into the bloodstream.

A patient with high blood pressure takes a medication to slow his heart rate, thereby lowering his blood pressure. The Emergency Medical Technician would recognize this action as impacting:

Cardiac output.

Preload.

What would be a direct result of increasing a patient's preload?

Increased cardiac output

A patient has a blood pressure of 140/98 mmHg. What can the Emergency Medical Technician ascertain from this reading?

The afterload is increased.

A chronically elevated afterload increases the patient's chance for developing which pathological condition?

Heart failure

What definition best describes the concept of afterload?

Pressure that the left ventricle must pump blood against to open the aortic valve

What is the best way to decrease a patient's afterload?

Reduce the blood pressure

Excessive tachycardia

A patient with a temperature of 105.4°F is experiencing systemic vasodilation. Which finding would be consistent with this condition?

Decreased blood pressure

If a patient's blood pressure cannot be increased by adding volume, then which other action would most likely be successful in increasing it?

Vasoconstriction of the body's arteries

Which situation would most likely cause a patient to have a simple episode of syncope (fainting)?

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

The Emergency Medical Technician would most likely see a narrowed pulse pressure in a patient who:

Is bleeding internally

Which blood pressure reading best indicates a narrowed pulse pressure?

108/88 mmHg

When a patient has a narrowed pulse pressure, what is occurring?

The blood vessels are constricting.

What is the protective mechanism underlying a narrowed pulse pressure?

Maintain an adequate blood pressure for perfusion

The body will initially compensate for a decrease in cardiac output by:

Increasing systemic vascular resistance.

When a healthy person has a sudden increase in blood pressure, what will occur next?

Baroreceptors will signal the brain to decrease the heart rate.

What is baroreceptors' role in the body?

Monitor the blood pressure

A drop in blood pressure below a critical threshold is a threat to the body because it directly impairs:

Cellular perfusion.

Oral temperature of 102.7°F

A patient with liver disease has a low platelet count. Which additional finding would the Emergency Medical Technician directly correlate to this condition?

Excessive bruising to arms

You are caring for a 66-year-old male patient who is severely dehydrated. How does severe dehydration affect the cardiovascular system?

It decreases the blood volume available for circulation.

Which condition would directly compromise the average patient's cardiac output?

Heart rate of 190 beats/min

The provided oxygen concentration is set at 50 percent.

A patient with asthma is extremely short of breath and hypoxic. Related to the ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q), the Emergency Medical Technician would recognize the problem as related to:

Inadequate oxygen in the alveoli.

A patient has been shot three times in the abdomen and has massive internal hemorrhage and blood loss. Which treatment will give this patient the best chance at survival?

Stopping the bleeding

Blood pressure of 64/26 mmHg

What blood pressure change is most likely to cause left ventricular failure?

Chronically elevated diastolic pressure between 120 and 140 mmHg

For a patient who is acutely bleeding, what is the immediate response of the human body?

Vasoconstriction caused by the sympathetic nervous system

Elevated heart rate to increase cardiac output.

Decreased cellular perfusion

What is the result of an opening developing that allows air into the space between the visceral and parietal pleura of the thorax?

Progressive collapse of the lung

Which process of ventilation is correctly adhering to Boyle's law as it relates to ventilation?

When the diaphragm contracts, it creates a negative intrathoracic pressure causing air to enter the lungs

Which gas law is disrupted when a patient sustains a spinal cord injury resulting in paralysis to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles?

Charles' law

A patient has sustained a gunshot injury to his right thorax. When you listen to his breath sounds, they are diminished over the right thorax. What is the most logical explanation for this finding?

The negative pressure between the pleural linings has been lost, causing the lung tissue to collapse.

Why would a drop in the oxygen content of the blood stream cause an increase in the patient's blood pressure?

Sympathetic stimulation of the cardiovascular system improves oxygen delivery to the brain and tissues.

Ventilation disturbance

What is the greatest component that makes up ambient air?

Argon