A key characteristic in animals and an act of changing location or position; molecular, cellular, tissue or organismic level?

Type of movement where amoeboid, ciliary, and flagellar falls under

Type of movement that uses skeletal, smooth or cardiac muscles

- false feet to glide through substrate - cytoplasmic projections formed from streaming movement of cytoplasm - protozoans and white blood cells - rapid amoeboid motility - movement based on actin - capture food/escape danger

brain eating amoeba; contaminated water enters the nasal cavity

____ or white blood cells capable of moving to site of infection or injury through ____

Leukocytes that move out of blood, cross the blood vessel wall, and travel to site of infection or injury

Leukocyte amoeboid movement

Amoeboid movement in Leukocytes ___ transforms into a ___ outside blood vessels that mive about tissue spaces. Upon encountering pathogen, ___ extends portion of its cytoplasm around the bacterium to enxlose the latter in a vacuole called ____ for digestion through process called ____

___ is short microscopic hair like structure and used to move an entire cell or substance along outer surface of the cell; each ___ has microtubule backbone

Ciliary movement and cilia structures

Transport of mucous

- A whip-like appendage used for locomotion - w/ pair of central microtubules surrounded w/ 9 fused pairs of protein microtubule - w/ side arms of motor molecule dynein originate from centriole - some prokaryotes: highly pathogenic Vibrio chloreae and E. coli - Sperm cell

Invertebrates possesses ___ muscles for movement

Vertebrates possesses ___ muscles

Structural unit: muscle fiber Striated: Yes Attached to Bone/Cartilage: Yes; some are not Control: voluntary thru somatic nervous system Location: all skeletal muscles

Structural unit: muscle fiber Striated: Yes Attached to Bone/Cartilage: No Control: involuntary thru caridac pacemaker & autonomic nervous system Location: heart's myocardium

Structural unit: muscle fiber Striated: No Attached to Bone/Cartilage: No Control: involuntary thru autonomic nervous system Location: blood vessels and hollow organs

A skeletal muscle organ is attached to bone thru a ___

connective tissues in sturctural organization of a skeletal muscle A skeletal muscle organ is enclosed by ___ >Inside each skeletal muscle organ are several bundles of skeletal muscle fibers Each bundle is enclosed by a ___ Each skeletal muscle fiber or skeletal muscle cell is enclosed by ___

- structural unit of a muscle fiber - extends between two Z lines or Z discs - has dark A band and light I band Structural Organization of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber

- thick myofilament forming the dark A band - anchored at M line at middle of sarcomere Structural Organization of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber

- thin myofilament forming light I band - anchored at Z disc - extends into A band towards M line and overlaps with myosin Structural Organization of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber

- at the middle of A band w/o actin Structural Organization of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber

__ covers myosin-binding sites in actin __ binds ro tropomyosin (regulatory proteins blocking interaction between myosin and actin)

- formed by the nerve fiber and muscle it innervates Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction

- result of difference in concentration of ions inside and outside the cell - difference in the number of K+ across crll membrane dominates it - all voltage gated Na+ channels and some K+ channels are closed - The Na+/K+ transporter pumps K+ into cell and Na+ out of cell

- change in resting membrane potential as result of depolarization and repolarization - results to electrical impulse travelling along length of cell membrane

- some Na+ channels open, Na+ ions to enter cell - electrical charge across membrane is reduced - all Na+ channels open when threshold of excitation is reached - Na+ channel open, Na+ ions enter membrane Action Potential

- voltage gated Na+ channels slowly close, voltage gated K+ channels open - reduction of cell membrane permeability to Na+ to resting level - K+ channel open, K+ ions leave membrane Action Potential

- some Na+ channels open during depolarization, Na+ ions to enter cell - results to depolarization where electrical charge across membrane is reduced - all Na+ channels when threshold of excitation is reached - K+ channel open, K+ ions leave membrane Action Potential

1.- An impulse (action potential) from the brain travels along the length of a nerve fiber through its axon to the neuromuscular junction. - Once it reaches the axon terminal, it stimulates release of ___ containing ___ - ACh is released into the ___, a space between the axon and the skeletal muscle cell’s plasma membrane. - ACh then binds to ___ on the surface of the skeletal muscle cell’s plasma membrane. Action Potential

2. The binding of acetylcholine generates an ___ that travels along ___ of the skeletal muscle fiber Action Potential

3. This stimulates release of ___ from the ___ to the cytoplasm. Action Potential

4. - Ca2+ binds to ___, which shifts tropomyosin to expose ___ on actin. - This results to myosin head binding to actin. - Binding of myosin and actin allows myosin to pull actin towards the center of sarcomere at the expense of ___ ATP. - This results to shortening of the muscle fiber (___). Action Potential

5. When impulse from neuron stops, ___ removes acetylcholine at the synaptic cleft 6. This results to calcium ions (Ca2+) being transported back into the ___ 7. Without Ca2+ binding to troponin, troponin and tropomyosin shift back covering ___ on actin ✓Actin is released from binding to myosin head. ✓The sarcomere goes back to its original length (relaxation) Action Potential

- During ___, the (myosin) binds to (actin) and pulls actin towards the center of the sarcomere (Actin filaments) “slide” over (myosin filaments) pulling actin towards the center of the sarcomere - This results to shortening of the sarcomere, with compression of I and H bands - The length of the A band remains the same during the shortening of the sarcomere as the length of the myofilaments do not change. Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction

___ muscle consists of ¹ cells each cell is ✓ striated ✓ w/ 1 nucleus ✓ branching ✓ connected to each other through an _____

___ cell ✓ spindle-shaped ✓ w/ 1 nucleus per cell ✓ not striated