method of surveying and mapping that uses a set of standard survey points as reference points for all subsequent surveys.

method of surveying and mapping that uses a set of ___________ as reference points for all subsequent surveys.

method of surveying and mapping that uses a set of standard survey points as _________ or all subsequent surveys.

typically placed in locations that are easily identifiable

determination of the precise position of a number of stations which are distributed over a large area.

used to establish the horizontal position of points in a survey network and also used to measure distances and angles between points and to establish the relative positions of points in a plane.

Three Types of Horizontal Control Survey

consist of closed polygons with most of the sides and angles measured directly in the field

series of horizontal distances and directions are observed to connect points whose positions are to be determined

_____ are measured more accurately than ______ .

consist of networks of geometric figures with almost all of the angles measured directly in the field and with relatively few of sides, measured.

lengths of the sides of a series of triangles are measured and the angles from the lengths

Mountainous and hilly: Flat, Open Terrain:

used to measure the elevation of the points in the survey area.

3 Types of Veetical Control Survey

best run over level or gently sloping terrain.

used when transferring elevations from precise leveling circuits to selected triangulation stations.

well suited for reconnaissance surveys where approximate elevations are required

the surveys conducted covering extensive areas

surveys conducted to establish the positions of points of reference for projects with a limited geographic coverage

Parts of Markings of Monuments