How many human cells comprise your body

How many microbiota cells do you carry?

How many different microbial habitats does your body have?

Skin Area = 2sq meters. Mucous membrane area = ___ sq m

The skin reaction (rash) as a result of a tick bite is known as

This rash is a sign of what infectious disease?

If you have a dangerous, contagious, infectious disease you should be

What components serve as adhesion? (Select all that apply)

Phagocytes are what type of body cell?

What does the body use for iron (select all that apply)

The most abundant WBC (leukocyte) in normal blood is the

A normal WBC count in blood is (select all that apply)

What happens to the neutrophil count during bacterial infection

What happens to the neutrophil count during viral infection

How are therapeutic amounts of interferon obtained?

Why isn’t interferon used therapeutically to prevent cold and flu illnesses

The human body is extremely sensitive to anything bacterial and viral. We know this because

When in development does ‘clonal deletion’ of B cells happen

One plasma cell can synthesize more than _____ antibody molecules per hour

How many different antigens is your immune system prepared to react in your life time?

How does IgE cause allergy symptoms?

What pathogenic microbe specifically targets CD4+ helper T-cells and destroys them—leading to serious diseases

The “booster” shot that is given a month or 2 after vaccination is meant to

The symbiotic relationship in commensalism is best described as:

Symbiotic realtionship is parasitism is best described as:

The symbiotic relationship mutualism is best described as

Quarantine is best described as

Isolation is best described as

Infectious (disease) is best described

Contagious is best described as

What best describes the difference between bacteremia and septicemia?

What type of illnesses did Tom get while in the hospital for surgery?

What species caused his infection?

The pathogenic species that caused Tom’s infection had to be somehow transmitted from its reservoir. Most likely in a hospital setting the reservoir for this particular species is

MRSA strains that cause surgical wound infections are particularly dangerous in joints such as knee because

For joint infectious the standard treatment for this pathogen is

For Tom’s strain of MRSA what was the antibiotic of choice and how was it most likely administered to Tom

The outcome of Tom’s encounter with this one bacterial species in the hospital was

Which term represents number of past cases of diseases during a specific period of time e.g(all of) 2023

Which terms represent the current number of cases of the diseases

Does “flattening the curve” refer to reducing covid-19’s prevalence or incidence

What effect would flattening the curve of a disease like COVID-19 have on the incidence of the disease (in the absence of an effective vaccine)

Considering a disease like COVID-19; what is better—an absolute 1-pill cure or an effective vaccine

Immunoglobulin molecules as best described as

The paratrooper of an immunoglobulin is the

Optimization refers to

Neutralization is an immune component interaction that inactives what?

Natural killers cells, macrophages, and eosinophile are cytoxic meaning they can

The immunoglobin (Ig) with a valence of 10 is

The Ig that can be secreted into mucus, saliva, tears etc is

The portion of the adaptive immune system that produces the soluble, circulating version of immune protection

Which type of cell is the lg factory, i.e. the one that produces the immunoglobulin

What best describes a substance known as an antigen

How do specific anti-toxin antibodies “neutralized” toxins produce by bacteria to make them non-toxic to the body

In the antibody-antigen reaction known as “antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)” what is the main “effector cell” that secretes the cytoxin that kills the pathogenic bacteria?

The clinical procedure for collecting sample for an antibody tiger for the SARS-CoV2 virus is

The antibody test for the virus detects what immunoglobulin?

How soon after Covid infection starts circulating antibodies be detected

What part of the coronavirus is most likely immunogenic and would stimulate active immunity against the virus?

How long does natural immunity last against the virus?

What possible forms could an effective vaccine material be in to stimulate protective antibody level agasint any type of virus

Serological test for antibody level in the population are important in a pandemic because

In our free society in the US, could anyone actually required to get vaccinated against this cornovrius

What is a cytokine?

Cardiac diseases is considered a(n)_____ (acute, or chronic) diseases with a CRP level greater than ____ mg/L indicating high risk

Where is CRP produced in the body?

In what line of defense in C-reactive protein (CRP) considered a signficant component?

Many of the conditions that stimulate CRP production do so by raising the level of the cytokine ______

CRP is produced In response to what? (Choose all that apply)