Responsible for the biochemical complexity created by splice variants obtained by hnRNA

The base sequence in a mRNA determines the amino acid sequence for the protein synthesized

The base sequence of an mRNA molecule involves only 4 different bases - A, C, G, andU (T/F)

A three-nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule that codes for a specifi c amino acid

Based on all possible combination of bases A, G, C, U‖ there are 64 possible codes

The assignment of the 64 mRNA codons to specific amino acids (or stop signals)

Choose the following those genetic code is highly degenerate .

Codons that specify the same amino acid are called

- have only a single codon

represented by two codons

- represented by six codons. –

All synonyms for an amino acid fall within a single box in unless there are more than four synonyms

The significance of the ―single box pattern - the first two bases are the same

With minor exceptions the code is the same in all organisms

The same codon specifies the same amino acid whether the cell is a bacterial cell, a corn plant cell, or a human cell

What isnthe start codon.

What is the stop codon

a three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a codon on an mRNA

During protein synthesis amino acids do not directly interact with the codons of an mRNA molecule (T/F)

tRNA molecules as intermediaries deliver amino acids to mRNA (T/F)

process in which mRNA codons are deciphered to synthesize a protein molecule

an rRNA–protein complex - serves as the site of protein synthesis:

is a RNA catalyst The mRNA binds to the small subunit of the ribosome

A ribosome active site

addition of specific amino acids to the 3’-OH group of tRNA.

Begins with binding of mRNA to small ribosomal subunit such that its first codon (initiating codon AUG) occupies a site called the P site (peptidyl site)

Adjacent to the P site in an mRNA–ribosome complex is A site (aminoacyl site) and the next tRNA with the appropriate anticodon binds to it.

the part of translation in which a ribosome moves down an mRNA molecule three base positions (one codon) so that a new codon can occupy the ribosomal A site

The polypeptide continues to grow via translocation until all necessary amino acids are in place and bonded to each other

No tRNA has an anticodon that can base pair with these stop codons. (T/F)

The polypeptide is then cleaved from the tRNA through hydrolysis

gives the protein the final form it needs to be fully functional

a complex of mRNA and several ribosomes

several ribosomes bind to a single mRNA - polysomes (T/F)

An error in base sequence reproduced during DNA replication

Errors in genetic information is passed on during transcription.

The altered information can cause changes in amino acid sequence during protein synthesis and thereby alter protein function

Unwanted changes in DNA sequence lead to diease and disjunction

What are the five step of translation process

2 types of common mutation

both mRNA codons code for the same amino acid

The point mutation has produced a codon that codes for a different amino acid

has produced a stop codon, resulting in termination of protein synthesis

is a mutation that inserts or deletes a base in a DNA molecule base sequence.

Mutation are caused by?

substance or agent that causes a change in the structure of a gene:

Two important types of mutagens

mutagenic that can possibly cause cancers

Tiny disease causing agents with outer protein envelope and inner nucleic acid core

They can not reproduce outside their host cells (living organisms)

Invade their host cells to reproduce and in the process disrupt the normal cell’s operation

Many human diseases are of viral origin, e. g. Common cold, smallpox, rabies, influenza, hepatitis, andAIDS

Antibodies produced against inactive viral or bacterial envelopes will kill the active bacteria and viruses

inactive virus or bacterial envelope

The study of biochemical techniques that allow the transfer of a foreign gene to a host organism and produce the protein associated with the added gene

Bacterial strains such as E. coli inserted with circular plasmids, and/or yeast cells carrying vectors containing foreign genes are used for this purpose

Plasmids (double stranded DNA) replicate independently in bacteria or yeast.

E. coli cells of a specific strain containing the plasmid of interest are treated with chemicals to dissolve their membranes and release the cellular contents

The cellular contents are fractionated to obtain plasmids

Restriction enzymes are used to cleave the double-stranded DNA

Using the same restriction enzyme the gene of interest is removed from a chromosome of another organism

The gene (from Step 4) and the opened plasmid (from Step 3) are mixed in the presence of the enzyme DNA ligase to splice them together.

The recombinant DNA prepared in stept 5 are transferred to a live E. coli culture where they can be replicated, trasncribed and translated.

Transformed cell can reproduce a large number of identical cells

are the cells that have descended from a single cell and have identical DNA

Each clone can synthesize the protein directed by foreign gene it carries (T/F)

is a method for rapidly producing multiple copies of a DNA nucleotide sequence (gene).

PRC means?

What are the requirements of PRC

What are the requirements of PRC

This method allows to produce billions of copies of a specific gene in a few hours

Also known as “DOWN SYNDROME”

Has triplicate copy of the 21st chromosome

What are the symptoms and manifestation of trisomy 21

Trisomy X also know as

What are the symptoms of trisomy X

Males with this condition usually have underdeveloped male secondary sexual characteristics and they usually have more feminine features.

KLINEFELTER SYNDROME also know as

klinefelter's syndrome symptoms are

It runs antiparallel/opposite direction

What is the sugar in RNA

What is the sugar in DNA

What is the base in RNA

What is the base in DNA

What is the purpose of RNA

What is the purpose of DNA

What is the form in RNA

What is the form in DNA

What is the synthesis of RNA

What is the synthesis in DNA

Dna to Rna is?

What sugar ?

?

What type of base is present

?

?

It facilitate the phosphorylation

PO4 + PO4

Sugar + PO4

Sugar + Base