Nucleic acid 1.1

Quinn Karylle Fuentes · 28問 · 2年前

通報

問題一覧

Responsible for the biochemical complexity created by splice variants obtained by hnRNA

Transcriptome

The base sequence in a mRNA determines the amino acid sequence for the protein synthesized

Genetic code.

The base sequence of an mRNA molecule involves only 4 different bases - A, C, G, andU (T/F)

True.

A three-nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule that codes for a specifi c amino acid

Codon

Based on all possible combination of bases A, G, C, U‖ there are 64 possible codes

Codon

The assignment of the 64 mRNA codons to specific amino acids (or stop signals)

Genetic code.

Choose the following those genetic code is highly degenerate .

Many amino acids are designated by more than one codon, Met and Trp, Arg, Leu, and Ser, synonyms

Codons that specify the same amino acid are called

Synonym

- have only a single codon

Met and Trp

represented by two codons

Amino acids

- represented by six codons. –

Arg, Leu, and Ser

All synonyms for an amino acid fall within a single box in unless there are more than four synonyms

Pattern and arrangements of genetic code.

The significance of the ―single box pattern - the first two bases are the same

Arrangement of genetic code table.

With minor exceptions the code is the same in all organisms

Genetic code almost universal.

The same codon specifies the same amino acid whether the cell is a bacterial cell, a corn plant cell, or a human cell

Genetic code almost universal

What isnthe start codon.

AUG

What is the stop codon

UAG, UAA, UGA

a three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a codon on an mRNA

Anticodon.

During protein synthesis amino acids do not directly interact with the codons of an mRNA molecule (T/F)

True.

tRNA molecules as intermediaries deliver amino acids to mRNA (T/F)

True.

process in which mRNA codons are deciphered to synthesize a protein molecule

Translation

an rRNA–protein complex - serves as the site of protein synthesis:

Ribosome

is a RNA catalyst The mRNA binds to the small subunit of the ribosome

Ribosomes.

A ribosome active site

Large subunits.

addition of specific amino acids to the 3’-OH group of tRNA.

Activation of tRNA

Begins with binding of mRNA to small ribosomal subunit such that its first codon (initiating codon AUG) occupies a site called the P site (peptidyl site)

Initiation of protein synthesis.

Adjacent to the P site in an mRNA–ribosome complex is A site (aminoacyl site) and the next tRNA with the appropriate anticodon binds to it.

Elongation.

the part of translation in which a ribosome moves down an mRNA molecule three base positions (one codon) so that a new codon can occupy the ribosomal A site

Translocation.

The polypeptide continues to grow via translocation until all necessary amino acids are in place and bonded to each other

Termination.

No tRNA has an anticodon that can base pair with these stop codons. (T/F)

True.

The polypeptide is then cleaved from the tRNA through hydrolysis

Protein release factor.

gives the protein the final form it needs to be fully functional

Post translational processing

a complex of mRNA and several ribosomes

Polysome (polyribosome)

several ribosomes bind to a single mRNA - polysomes (T/F)

True.

An error in base sequence reproduced during DNA replication

Mutation.

Errors in genetic information is passed on during transcription.

Mutation.

The altered information can cause changes in amino acid sequence during protein synthesis and thereby alter protein function

Mutation.

Unwanted changes in DNA sequence lead to diease and disjunction

Mutation.

What are the five step of translation process

Activation of tRNA, initiation of protein synthesis, Elongation, Termination, Post translation process

2 types of common mutation

Point of mutation, Frameshift mutation

both mRNA codons code for the same amino acid

Point mutation

The point mutation has produced a codon that codes for a different amino acid

Point mutation

has produced a stop codon, resulting in termination of protein synthesis

point mutation

is a mutation that inserts or deletes a base in a DNA molecule base sequence.

Frameshift mutation

Mutation are caused by?

Mutagen

substance or agent that causes a change in the structure of a gene:

Mutagen

Two important types of mutagens

Radiation, Chemical agent

mutagenic that can possibly cause cancers

Ultraviolet, Xray, Radioactivity, Cosmic radiation

Tiny disease causing agents with outer protein envelope and inner nucleic acid core

Viruses

They can not reproduce outside their host cells (living organisms)

Viruses

Invade their host cells to reproduce and in the process disrupt the normal cell’s operation

Viruses

Many human diseases are of viral origin, e. g. Common cold, smallpox, rabies, influenza, hepatitis, andAIDS

Viruses

Antibodies produced against inactive viral or bacterial envelopes will kill the active bacteria and viruses

Vaccines.

inactive virus or bacterial envelope

Vaccines.

The study of biochemical techniques that allow the transfer of a foreign gene to a host organism and produce the protein associated with the added gene

Biotechnology

Bacterial strains such as E. coli inserted with circular plasmids, and/or yeast cells carrying vectors containing foreign genes are used for this purpose

Biotechnology

Plasmids (double stranded DNA) replicate independently in bacteria or yeast.

Biotechnology

E. coli cells of a specific strain containing the plasmid of interest are treated with chemicals to dissolve their membranes and release the cellular contents

Dissolution of cells

The cellular contents are fractionated to obtain plasmids

Isolation of plasmid fraction

Restriction enzymes are used to cleave the double-stranded DNA

Cleavage of plasmid DNA

Using the same restriction enzyme the gene of interest is removed from a chromosome of another organism

Gene removal from another organism:

The gene (from Step 4) and the opened plasmid (from Step 3) are mixed in the presence of the enzyme DNA ligase to splice them together.

Gene–plasmid splicing

The recombinant DNA prepared in stept 5 are transferred to a live E. coli culture where they can be replicated, trasncribed and translated.

Uptake of recombinant DNA:

Transformed cell can reproduce a large number of identical cells

Clones

are the cells that have descended from a single cell and have identical DNA

Clones

Each clone can synthesize the protein directed by foreign gene it carries (T/F)

True.

is a method for rapidly producing multiple copies of a DNA nucleotide sequence (gene).

PRC

PRC means?

Polymerase chain reaction

What are the requirements of PRC

Source of gene to be copied, Thermostable DNA polymerase, Source of heat

What are the requirements of PRC

Thermostable plastic container, Set of two oligonucleotides with complementary sequence to the gene (primers), Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP)

This method allows to produce billions of copies of a specific gene in a few hours

Polymerase chain reaction

Also known as “DOWN SYNDROME”

Trisomy 21

Has triplicate copy of the 21st chromosome

Trisomy 21

What are the symptoms and manifestation of trisomy 21

Sterility, impaired cognitive abilities, distinct physical features

Trisomy X also know as

Triple X syndrome, Super Female Syndrome

What are the symptoms of trisomy X

Low IQ, Delayed speech, ADHD, Abdominal pain, Delayed motor development

Males with this condition usually have underdeveloped male secondary sexual characteristics and they usually have more feminine features.

Klinefelter syndrome

KLINEFELTER SYNDROME also know as

XXY syndrome

klinefelter's syndrome symptoms are

Lower IQ than sibs, Tall stature, Poor muscle tone, Reduce secondary sexual characteristics, Gynecomastia, Small testes/ Infertility

It runs antiparallel/opposite direction

DNA

What is the sugar in RNA

Ribose

What is the sugar in DNA

Deoxyribose.

What is the base in RNA

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil

What is the base in DNA

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

What is the purpose of RNA

Expression, Central dogma

What is the purpose of DNA

Storage, Genetic

What is the form in RNA

Single bond

What is the form in DNA

Double bond

What is the synthesis of RNA

Transcription

What is the synthesis in DNA

Replication

Dna to Rna is?

Transcription

What sugar ?

Ribose.

Aglycosidic bond.

What type of base is present

Purine.

Phosphoester bond

Phosphoanhydrase bond.

It facilitate the phosphorylation

Kinase (Transfer)

PO4 + PO4

Phosphoa hydrase bond

Sugar + PO4

Phospoester bond

100

Sugar + Base

Glycosidic bond

Cell structure.

Cell structure.

28問 • 2年前

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Electrolytes and non electrolytes

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POST LAB (EXP 4)

POST LAB (EXP 4)

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FORCES OF ATTRACTION

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Microbial growth

Microbial growth

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Introduction.

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Microbial control.

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States of matter

States of matter

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Introduction.

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Drug development.

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CGMP

CGMP

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Powdered & granules

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Capsule.

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Tablets.

Tablets.

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Calculatiom of dose

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Basic immunology

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Basic immunology (2)

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Transdermal

Transdermal

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Distribution.

Distribution.

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Infectious disease.

Infectious disease.

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Infectious diseases (2)

Infectious diseases (2)

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Gram positive ( Bacteriology)

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All topic. ( Compressed.)

All topic. ( Compressed.)

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All topic ( Compressed)

All topic ( Compressed)

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All topics (compressed)

All topics (compressed)

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Exercise 6 ; Isotonic solution.

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Exercise 5 : Buffers.

Exercise 5 : Buffers.

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Exercise 7 : Factors affecting solubility.

Exercise 7 : Factors affecting solubility.

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Experiment 8: Disintegration.

Experiment 8: Disintegration.

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Experiment 9 ; Interfacial phenomenon and surface tension.

Experiment 9 ; Interfacial phenomenon and surface tension.

EXP 9 : Aromatic ammonia spirit.

EXP 9 : Aromatic ammonia spirit.

EXP 10-11 : CAMPHOR WATER AND CINNAMON WATER.

EXP 10-11 : CAMPHOR WATER AND CINNAMON WATER.

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EXP 12: ACACIA MUCILAGE

EXP 12: ACACIA MUCILAGE

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EXP13&14 : Starch and Barrium sulfate.

EXP13&14 : Starch and Barrium sulfate.

33問 • 2年前

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EXP 15 : Liquid petroleum emulsion 1.0

EXP 15 : Liquid petroleum emulsion 1.0

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EXP 15: Liquid petroleum emulsion 1.1

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Enterobacteriaceae

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Enterobacteriaceae.

Enterobacteriaceae.

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EXP 9: STAPHYLOCOCCI

EXP 9: STAPHYLOCOCCI

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Drug incompatibilities.

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Drug compatibilities.

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SUSPENSION.

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Colloidal.

Colloidal.

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BACTERIOLOGY.

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Emulsion.

Emulsion.

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EMULSION

EMULSION

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Mycology.

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ppr

ppr

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MEDICAL DEVICES.

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Pharmacokinetics. (1.0)

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Pharmacokinetics (1.2)

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Introduction.

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INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

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lab (1-2)

lab (1-2)

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lab 1-2

lab 1-2

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Pharmaceutical chemistry 1.1

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Unit 3.

Unit 3.

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PUD.

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Lipids.

Lipids.

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lipids.

lipids.

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LAB ✨

LAB ✨

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Drug discovery.

Drug discovery.

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disease of lipids.

disease of lipids.

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Dynamic.

Dynamic.

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Unit 1

Unit 1

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