refers to a planned approach that outlines how individuals or organizations will convey messages to their target audience.

is the strategy used by a speaker to introduce a topic into the conversation. It aims to collaboratively and productively establish what will be discussed.

refers to limitations placed on what can be said during a conversation. This can involve guidelines or boundaries set by the speaker or the context of the discussion.

is an essential aspect of conversation management that determines how speakers alternate in sharing their thoughts. It ensures that everyone has the opportunity to contribute without interruptions.

involves maintaining focus on a specific subject during a conversation and preventing unnecessary diversions or interruptions. This strategy helps keep discussions organized and relevant.

refers to transitioning from one subject to another within a conversation. This can be done smoothly using transitional phrases or cues.

strategies are employed when speakers encounter problems in speaking, listening, or understanding during a conversation. These strategies help clarify misunderstandings and correct errors.

Concluding the Conversation

refers to the actual utterance made by a speaker, encompassing the phonetic, syntactic, and semantic aspects of the statement. It is concerned with the literal meaning of the words spoken or written.

are those that express the speaker's intention in saying something. This type of speech act goes beyond mere words to convey what the speaker aims to accomplish through their utterance.

refer to the effects or outcomes that result from an utterance on the listener. This type of speech act focuses on how the listener interprets and reacts to what has been said.

is characterized by its personal and private nature, often used among close friends, family members, or romantic partners. This style relies heavily on shared experiences and personal language codes that may not be understood by outsiders. The vocabulary is often simplified, and the intonation carries more meaning than the actual words used.

is informal and relaxed, typically used in conversations with friends, family, or acquaintances. It is characterized by the use of slang, contractions, and a friendly tone. This style promotes a comfortable atmosphere where participants can interrupt each other and engage freely.

is appropriate in social settings such as parties, casual meetings, or when speaking with familiar individuals. It fosters a sense of camaraderie and ease among speakers

is semi-formal and typically used in professional or academic settings where there is a need for clarity and structure. It involves a more organized approach to communication compared to casual speech but remains less rigid than formal speech.

adheres strictly to grammatical rules and conventions. It is characterized by a lack of slang or colloquial expressions and often employs a more sophisticated vocabulary.

refers to language that remains unchanged over time; it is often scripted or ritualistic. This style does not adapt based on context or audience but remains constant.

Offers a detailed portrayal of a person, place, or object. For example, describing the tallest building in the world or the symptoms of a medical condition.

Defines concepts or abstract ideas, such as philosophical principles or scientific theories.

Involves teaching the audience how to perform a task through demonstration, like cooking or using software.

Presents findings from research or investigations, often used in academic settings.

are crafted to convince the audience to adopt a particular viewpoint or take action. The speaker employs logical reasoning and emotional appeals to influence the audience's beliefs or behaviors.

Aim to change the audience's opinions on an issue.

Encourage the audience to take specific actions.

are designed primarily to amuse and engage the audience. They often incorporate humor, anecdotes, and storytelling elements to create a lively atmosphere.

that provide comic relief.

that resonate with personal experiences.that resonate with personal experiences.

on everyday life. The goal is to leave the audience feeling entertained and uplifted

involves reading from a written text. This approach ensures accuracy and completeness but may limit eye contact with the audience. It is often used in formal settings where precise wording is crucial, such as political speeches or official announcements.

the speaker commits the entire speech to memory. This allows for greater eye contact and engagement with the audience but can lead to issues if the speaker forgets parts of the speech. This method is commonly used in contests or performances where delivery style is critical.

are delivered without prior preparation. Speakers must think on their feet and respond spontaneously to prompts or questions. This type of speech tests quick thinking and adaptability and is often used in discussions or during Q&A sessions.

combines preparation with spontaneity. The speaker prepares key points but speaks from an outline rather than a full script. This method allows for flexibility and natural delivery while maintaining structure. It is commonly used in academic presentations and public speaking events

aims to provide the audience with knowledge about a specific topic.