is the ratio of mass to the volume of the material in its natural state that is including voids and pores. It is expressed in kg/m³. _______influences the mechanical properties of materials like strength, heat and conductivity etc.

gives the volume of the material occupied by pores. It is the ratio of volume of pores to the volume of material. ________ influences many properties like thermal conductivity, strength, bulk density, durability etc.

The property of a material to withstand against the combined action of atmospheric and other factors is known as _______ of material. If the material is more durable, it will be useful for longer life. Maintenance cost of material is dependent of ________.

the ratio of mass of given substance to the mass of water at 4°C for the equal volumes.

The ability to withstand against fire without changing its shape and other properties. _____ of a material is tested by the combined actions of water and fire. Fireproof materials should provide more safety in case of fire.

The property of a material to withstand against all atmospheric actions without losing its strength and shape. _______ the durability of material. For example corrosion occurs in iron due to weathering. To resist this, paint layer is provided

The capacity of a material to absorb and retain water in it is known as water absorption. It is expressed in % of weight of dry material. It depends up on the size, shape and number of pores of material

The ability of a material to permit water through it is called ______. Dense materials like glass metals etc. are called impervious materials which cannot allow water through it.

The capacity of a material to resist failure caused by loads acting on it is called as ______. The load may be compressive, tensile or bending. It is determined by dividing the ultimate load taken by the material with its cross sectional area. Strength is an important property for any construction materials. So, to provide maximum safety in strength, factor of safety is provided for materials and it is selected depending on nature of work, quality of material, economic conditions etc.

The property of a materials to resist scratching by a harder body. MOHS scale is used to determine the ______ of a materials. _____ is most important to decide the usage of particular aggregate. It also influences the workability.

The capacity of a material to regain its initial shape and size after removal of load is known as _______ and the material is called as elastic material. Ideally, elastic materials obey Hooke's law in which stress is directly proportional to strain, which gives modulus of elasticity as the ratio of unit stress to unit deformation. The higher the value of modulus of elasticity, the lower the deformations.

When the load is applied on the material then will undergo permanent deformation without cracking and retain this shape after the removal of load, it is said to be a plastic material and this property is called as ______. They give resistance against bending, impact etc. Examples: steel, hot bitumen etc.

When the material is subjected to load then it fails suddenly without causing any deformation, it is called brittle material and this property is called as _______. Examples: concrete, cast-iron etc.

If a material is subjected to repeated loads, then the failure occurs at some point which is lower than the failure point caused by steady loads. This behavior is known as _______.

If a material is subjected to sudden loads and it will undergo some deformation without causing rupture is known as its ______. It designates the toughness of material.

The loss of material due to rubbing of particles while working is called ______. The _______ for a material makes it durable and provided long life.

The deformation caused by constant loads for long periods. It is time dependent and occurs at very slow rate. It is almost negligible in normal conditions but at high temperature conditions, _____ may occur rapidly.

The ability of a construction material to resist the effects by chemicals like acids, salts and alkalis is known as _______. Underground installations, constructions near sea etc. should be built with great chemical resistance.

Formation of rust (iron oxide) in metals, when they are subjected to atmosphere is called as corrosion. So, the metals should be corrosive resistant. To increase the _______, proper measures should be considered. Otherwise, it will damage the whole structure.

The amount of heat transferred through unit area of specimen with unit thickness in unit time is termed as _______. It is measured in Kelvins. It depends on material structure, porosity, density and moisture content. High porous, moist materials have more _______.

is the quantity of heat required to heat 1 N of material by 1°C. ______ is useful when we use the material in high temperature areas.