問題一覧
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are a common method to visually illustrate relationships in data
graphs
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purpose of graphs
the purpose of a graph is to present the data that are too numerous or complicated to describe adequately in the text and with less space. It shows trends and relationships of the variable under study
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enable us in studying the cause-and-effect relationship between two or more variables,
graphs
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help to measure the extent of change in one variable when the other variable changes by a certain amount. This module will focus mostly on the characteristics of data presentation and how to interpret the graphs such as line graphs, pie charts, and bar graphs.
graphs
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The graphical presentation is a way of analyzing
numerical data
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exhibits the relation between data, ideas, information, and concepts in a diagram. It is easy to understand and it is one of the most important learning strategies.
graphical presentation
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There are different types of graphical representation. Some of them are as follows:
bar graph line graph pie chart pictograph
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Uses solid bars to represent quantities Effective for discrete variables Multiple bar graphs for comparing figures of two or more categories
bra graph
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Show trends over a period of timeInformation is connected in some way Effective for continuous variable Multiple line graph for comparing figures of two or more categories
line graph
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Circle divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportion Each part represents a percentage of the total. A good way to show relative sizes
pie graph
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To interpret a graph or chart, read the title, look at the key, and read the labels. Then study the graph to understand what it shows
1. Read the title of the graph or chart. The title tells what information is being displayed 2. Look at the key, which typically is in a box next to the graph or chart. It will explain the symbols and colors used in the graph or chart. 3. Read the labels of the graph or chart. The labels tell you what variables or parameters are beingdisplayed. 4. Draw conclusions based on the data. You can reach conclusions faster with graphs than you can use a data table or a written description of the data.
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General Rules for Graphic Presentation of Data and Information
1. Suitable Title 2. Unit of Measurement 3. Suitable Scale 4. Index 5. Data Sources 6. Simple and Neat
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This should indicate the subject for which you are presenting it.
suitable title
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Clearly state the unit of measurement.
unit of measurement
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Explains the different colors and shades, lines,and designs and includes a scale of interpretation
index
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Wherever possible, include the sources of information at the bottom of the graph.
Data Sources
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Easy to understand and attractive to the eyes
simple and neat
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limitation of graphs
A graph lacks the complete accuracy of facts. - It depicts only a few selected characteristics of the data. - We cannot use a graph in support of a statement. - A graph is not a substitute for tables . - Usually, laymen find it difficult to understand and interpret a graph. - Typically, a graph shows the unreasonable tendency of the data and the actual values are not clear.
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What are the general rules for the graphic presentation of data and information? The general rules for the graphic presentation of data are:
Use a suitable title - Specify the unit of measurement - Ensure that you choose a suitable scale - Provide an index specifying the colors, lines, and designs used in the graph ❖ If possible, provide the sources of information at the bottom of the graph ❖ keep the graph simple and neat.
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What are the other statistical graphs?
Histograms – The graph that uses bars to represent the frequency of numerical data that are organized into intervals. Since all the intervals are equal and continuous, all the bars have the same width. - Stem and Leaf Plot – In the stem and leaf plot, the data are organized from the least value to the greatest value. The digits of the least place values from the leaves and the next place value digit forms the stems. - Box and Whisker Plot – The plot diagram summarizes the data by dividing it into four parts. Box and whisker show the range (spread) and the middle (median) of the data.