is an organized inquiry carried out to provide information for solving problems.

"Research is an _______ carried out to provide information for solving problems.

It is the cornerstone of every science.

What is research? Re means

What is research? Search means

What is research? Process Means

Types of Research

Formal research used by

Informal research used by

Is a process in looking at solution of a given problem which can be used as basis for:

But before you can come up with POLICY, it should be back up with _________ which requires the process of research

is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase our understanding of the world in general and of the phenomenon under study in particular.

RESEARCH concerns with

RESEARCH concerns with WHAT (_______) and HOW (scientific; _______).

RESEARCH concerns with WHAT (facts and conclusions) and HOW (scientific; critical components).

Research is a ______ process that eventually seeks to explain or solve an identified problem.

Iterative design

Characteristics of the Scientific Method

Characteristics of the Scientific Method 1. Tentative (_______) 2. Empirically verifiable (_______) 3. Ethically neutral (________) 4. Shared and made public

Purpose of Research

Types of Research 1. According to Purpose

Types of Research 1. According to Purpose ロFundamental/Pure/Basic -________

starting point for the search of new knowledge.

provides a foundation for knowledge and foundations that are generalizable to many policy areas, problems or area of study

Basic research Source of the tools

research is driven by a scientist's curiosity or interest in a scientific question. The main motivation is to expand man's knowledge, not to create or invent something. There is no obvious commercial value to the discoveries that result from _______

refers to scientific study and research that seeks to solve practical problems. ______ is used to find solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, and develop innovative technologies, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge's sake. • For example, _________ may investigate ways to: Improve agricultural crop production, Treat or cure a specific disease, Improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes of transportation

- application of the methods, ideas, theories from basic research -Want to apply and tailored knowledge to address a specific practical issue; - towards development of more efficient technologies or particular way of doing things. - Address issue of application - It asks "does it work"

- advances the aims of basic and applied research to the point of utilization. - concerned with the production of results for immediate application or utilization.

-it improves practices and methods and generates technologies and innovations for application to specific technological situations. -the emphasis is here and now

- refers to the systematic investigation or statistical study of relationships among two or more variables, without necessarily determining cause and effect. - It Seeks to establish a relation/association/correlation between two or more variables that do not readily lend themselves to experimental manipulation.

Correlational research - For example, to test the hypothesis " Listening to music lowers blood pressure levels" there are 2 ways of conducting research

-group samples and make one group listen to music and then compare the bp levels

-ask people how they feel ? How often they listen? And then Compare

According to Methods ________ - The purpose is to collect, verify, synthesize evidence to establish facts that defend or refute your hypothesis. It uses primary sources, secondary sources, and lots of qualitative data sources such as logs, diaries, official records, reports, etc. The limitation is that the sources must be both authentic and

is research involving analysis of events that occurred in the remote or recent past

______ can show patterns that occurred in the past and over time which can help us to see where we came from and what kinds of solutions we have used in the past. Understanding this can add perspective on how we examine current events and educational practices.

The 5 steps involved in the conduct of historical research

Types of Research 1. According to Purpose ロApplied -________ -________ -________

refers to research that provides an accurate portrayal of characteristics of a particular individual, situation, or group.

also known as statistical research. These studies are a means of discovering new meaning, describing what exists, determining the frequency with which something occurs, and categorizing information.

- It attempts to describe and explain conditions of the present by using many subjects and questionnaires to fully describe phenomenon. Survey research design /survey methodology is one of the most popular for thesis/dissertation

• In short _______ deals with everything that can be counted and studied, which has an impact of the lives of the people it deals with. For example: • finding the most frequent disease that affects the children of a town. The reader of the research will know what to do to prevent that disease thus, more people will live a healthy life.

Also called ethnographic research, it uses direct observation to give a complete snapshot of a case that is being studied. It is useful when not much is known about a phenomenon. Uses few subjects.

Data are collected at certain points in time going forward. There is an emphasis on time patterns and longitudinal growth or change.

This research design approximates the experimental design but does not have a control group. There is more error possible in the results.

is an objective, systematic, controlled investigation for the purpose of predicting and controlling phenomena and examining probability and causality among selected variables.

This design is most appropriate in controlled settings such as laboratories. The design assumes random assignment of subjects and random assignment to groups (E and C). It attempts to explore cause and affect relationships where causes can be manipulated to produce different kinds of effects. Because of the requirement of random assignment, this design can be difficult to execute in the world (non laboratory) setting.

• The simplest experimental design includes two variables and two groups of participants.

This research design attempts to explore cause and affect relationships where causes already exist and cannot be manipulated. It uses what already exists and looks backward to explain why

It attempts to explore relationships to make predictions. It uses one set of subjects with, two or more variables for each.

can be quite informal, relying on secondary research such as reviewing available literature and/or data, or qualitative approaches such as informal discussions with consumers, employees, management or competitors, and more formal approaches through in-depth interviews, focus groups, projective methods, case studies or pilot studies.

is a type of research conducted for aproblem that has not been clearly defined.________helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects. • The results of _______ are not usually useful for decision-making by themselves, but they can provide significant insight into a given situation

- an inductive, descriptive research approach developed from phenomenological philosophy; its aim is to describe an experience as it is actually lived by the person

is concerned with the study of experience from the perspective of the individual, 'bracketing' taken-for-granted assumptions and usual ways of perceiving. • They are based in a paradigm of personal knowledge and subjectivity, and emphasise the importance of personal perspective and interpretation. • As such they are powerful for understanding subjective experience, gaining insights into people's motivations and actions, and cutting through the clutter of taken-for-granted assumptions and conventional wisdom.

General Approaches to Research

understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior, involves analysis of data using words (e.8., from interviews), pictures (e.g., video), or objects (e.g., an artifact)

involves analysis of numerical data and their relationship

is research dealing with phenomena that are difficult or impossible to quantify mathematically, such as beliefs, meanings, attributes, and symbols

aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behaviour and the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when.

is generally made using scientific methods, which can include: The generation of models, theories and hypotheses The development of instruments and methods for measurement • Experimental control and manipulation of variables • Collection of empirical data • Modelling and analysis of data • Evaluation of results

- inductive- from fact to theory - explore factors that could explain why a given event occurs - establish patterns/develop theory for understanding how and why an event occur

Steps in Qualitative Research

deductive- from theory to fact establish cause-effect relationship - relate occurrence of a variable with other variables Establish generalizations for prediction and control

• refers to the systematic empirical investigation of any phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques.

The objective of _______ is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena

Steps in Qualitative Research

Qualitative + Quantitative

Types of Research in Public Administration ________, involving the study of people, their belief, behavior, interaction, institutional, etc.

studies the politics, governments and cultures of different countries and focuses on how government and politics actually operate examines the country's system of government, including its presidents, cabinets, parliament, political parties, voting systems, elections, coalitions, policy issues and problems The development of the "rule of law" in pre-modern China and Korea

______, you generally can readily come up with the solution.

_______, is not something that you can solve without forethought, and even a certain amount of guesswork.

An ______ is smaller, not life altering, and it doesn't present such a degree of difficulty that you have to seek out the counsel of others in order to figure out the impact of the issue.

A _____ is larger in scale, often large enough to alter your life either temporarily or l permanently. A ____ can easily require the advice and guidance of those around you, in order to solve it.

On a corporate or governmental level, an ____ is something that can be handled behind closed doors, impacting no one but the people of highest authority in the situation.

On a corporate or governmental level, a ______ involves information that must be released, because there will be cause to involve employees, or citizens, in the solution to the problem.