問題一覧
1
what is the structural unit of nucleic acids ?
nucleotide
2
Number Carbon that determine if this Pentose sugar is ribose or Deoxyribose?
C 2
3
what is the basic unit of DNA packaging?
nucleosome
4
Nucleosome core is a wrap of DNA around histone core with ?
1.75 turn
5
Which of the following types of sequence would have the highest melting temperature?
G-C rich sequence
6
Based on the charge of the deoxyribose-phosphate backbone,Direction of movement in agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA:
- to +
7
Which enzyme is responsible for disrupting the hydrogen bonds between the base pair?
DNA helicase
8
Which direction does replication progress in?
5 to 3
9
What is the role of the enzyme telomerase ?
it catalyzes the synthesis of telemere sequence
10
what is the enzyme that joins okazaki fragments together to form a continuous strand?
DNA ligase
11
How does DNA polymerase III create the new strand during replication?
By binding to primers and adding new base pairs
12
The binding of _______ is required for transcription to start
RNA polymerase
13
genes carry instructions to make _______
proteins
14
prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. Therefore, the genes in prokaryotic cells are ________
transcribed and translated almost simultaneously
15
The processing of RNA occurs in several steps including capping and splicing and methylation
False
16
mRNA is made from ?
DNA template during transcription
17
splicing occurs in ?
animal cells
18
Number carbon at which attachment of phosphate group of next nucleotide ?
C 3
19
The splicing process includes :
None
20
RNA nucleotides bind to each other by?
phosphodiester bond to form linear chain
21
which bonds are rights?
C, G, & T, A
22
which nucleic acid is more stable?
DNA
23
Which one carries amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis?
TRNA
24
what is the primary function of exons?
protein synthesis
25
what is the alternative splicing?
a mechanism that generates multiple mRNA transcripts from a single gene
26
what is the primary function of RNA polymerase?
synthesizing RNA from a DNA template
27
How to enhancers interact with promoters?
through 3-dimensional folding DNA
28
which of the following is not a modification that regulates chromatin structure?
replication
29
which type of modification can have both activating and repressive effects?
methylation
30
the RNA splicing :
involves the removal of certain sequences, introns only
31
transcription is the process in which:
a gene’s DNA sequence is copied to make an RNA molecule by RNA polymerase
32
the spliceosome is:
A large RNA-protein complex that catalizes removal of introns
33
RNA would be translated into a nonfunctional protein if:
the introns are not removed
34
the major steps of transcription are :
initiation, promotor clearance, termination, elongation
35
splicing occurs in the nucleus?
before the RNA migrates to the cytoplasm
36
RNA splicing was discovered initially in?
1970
37
for the greatest stability of RNA, the ideal buffers should have a pH that is:
acidic
38
when RNA forms secondary structures, which of the following would you expect to see in the resultant RNA molecule?
double stranded RNA
39
RNA consists of ribonucleotides with bases A, G, and C, however, what nucleotides exist in RNA instead of those with thymine bases?
uracil
40
what are the two states of chromatin ?
euchromatin and heterochromatin
41
what does non-coding DNA refer to?
DNA with unknowns functions
42
what are eukaryotic genomes organized into?
chromosomes
43
what is the name given to the membrane-bound compartment that contains eukaryotic DNA?
nucleus
44
what are nucleosomes made of?
DNA wrapped around histone proteins
45
protein coding genes are typically found in ________, which represents 92% of the genome.
euchromatin
46
segmental duplication can increase of what change in the genome?
chromosomal rearrangement
47
which of the following statements is accurate?
DNA is tightly wound to histones in euchromatin and transcription is decreased
48
what are the two forms of retrotransposons found in animal genomes ?
LINEs and SINEs
49
which of the following is an accurate match?
heterochromatin- telomeres
50
what can spread along chromatin from nucleolar sites?
heterochromatin
51
where is satellite DNA found?
facultative heterochromatin
52
what form large loop structures called telomeres loops?
telomeres
53
During DNA replication, telomeres become _______ unless acted upon by the enzyme ________
shortened , telomerase
54
what separates a chromosomes into a long and short arm?
centromeres
55
euchromatin is _______ of the genome
92%
56
______ includes sequences associated with telomeres, centromeres, and repeats
heterochromatin
57
what is found in inner portions of nucleus
euchromatin
58
consist of genetically inactive satellite sequence
heterochromatin
59
how do DNA transposons move from one genomic location to another?
by a cut and paste mechanism
60
following mitosis, the two daughter cells usually have ______ pattern of facultative heterochromatin and _______ pattern of constitutive heterochromatin as was present in the mother cell.
the same, a different
61
how many hydrogen bonds are formed between G and C nucleotides?
3
62
we can find segmental duplications on _______
both human chromosomes 17 and human chromosomes 22
63
if you insert intronic sequence into a retrotransposon, with a splice donor and acceptor sites, would you expect that the new retrotransposon mRNA would contain this intronic sequence?
no
64
How many genome types are present in a typical green plants cell?
three
65
what is true regarding prokaryotes and eukaryotes cells?
prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus while eukaryotes have a membrane- bound nucleus
66
why is the DNA loosely packed in euchromatin?
so that the DNA can be easily accessible in order to be replicated and transcribed
67
what are the segments of unwound DNA called?
chromatin loops
68
what cellular compartment contains that autosomal genome in eukaryotic cells?
nucleus
69
asgard archaea genomes are most similar to which of the following?
eukaryotic autosomal genome
70
In a plant cell, which of the following is the largest genome?
autosomal genome
71
asgard archaea are named after a mythological location in which tradition?
norse mythology
72
how much of the human genome do you think lies within genes?
45%
73
what percentage of the human genome consists of exonic sequences?
2.8%
74
insertion of which of the following repeat sequences can impact the gene expressions levels of adjacent genes?
retrotransposon
75
in the plant cell, which of the following is the largest genome?
autosomal genome
76
anti-codon describes the triplet bases on :
tRNA
77
what is the primary goal of transcription in the context of protein-coding genes?
generation of an RNA copy for protein synthesis
78
in gene expression, what does the RNA copy, ot transcript, carry for a protein-coding gene ?
information needed to build a polypeptide
79
how does the assembly of RNA polymerase ll and transcription factors occur in eukaryotes during transcription initiation?
formation of the transcription pre-initiation complex
80
what type of information does the RNA transcript carry in comparison to the non-template strand of DNA?
same information
81
what is the direction of growth for the RNA chain synthesized by RNA polymerase during transcription?
5 to 3
82
what signal do terminators provide regarding the RNA transcript?
completion of transcription
83
what happens once terminators are transcribed during the transcription process?
they release RNA transcript from the polymerase
84
what is the primary role of transcription factors in gene regulation?
modulating gene expression
85
how do some drugs influence gene expression?
acting as agonists and antagonists of transcription factors
86
how do enhancers control gene expression?
through activation of transcription factors
87
what is the overall theme conveyed by the paragraph regarding G6PD and DARC mutations?
cellular fortresses against plasmodium
88
what is the role of the duffy-negative phenotype in relation to the DARC gene?
disrupting DARC expression
89
what is the primary role of microRNAs in gene regulation?
inhibiting translation of mRNA into proteins
90
what is the process of converting transcribed RNA into a protein called?
translation
91
what are the two main outcomes when microRNAs bind to mRNA during gene regulation?
mRNA decay and translational repression
92
how does acetylation impact DNA accessibility around histones ?
loosening DNA structure
93
which enzyme is responsible for histone acetylation, transferring acetyl groups from acetyl coA to lysine?
histone acetyle transferase (HAT)
94
how does acetylation of histone tails affect the electrostatic interaction between DNA and histones?
weakens the positive charge on lysine
95
how does demethylation of histones tails impact gene expression?
represses transcription by removing methyl groups
96
in humans, where are the major clusters of imprinted genes identified?
chromosome 11p15 and chromosome 15q11 to 15q13
97
Areas of the genome that have active gene expression/transcription are typically found in _________ and have _________ chromatin.
euchromatin, uncondensed
98
which of the following enzymes promotes increased transcription from chromatin?
HAT
99
how many genes in humans would you estimate are genomically imprinted?
150
100
which of the following is the most accurate statement?
imprinting affects the expression of a gene but not its primary DNA sequence