問題一覧
1
the RNA splicing :
involves the removal of certain sequences, introns only
2
Areas of the genome that have active gene expression/transcription are typically found in _________ and have _________ chromatin.
euchromatin, uncondensed
3
what can spread along chromatin from nucleolar sites?
heterochromatin
4
How does DNA polymerase III create the new strand during replication?
By binding to primers and adding new base pairs
5
how does demethylation of histones tails impact gene expression?
represses transcription by removing methyl groups
6
what is found in inner portions of nucleus
euchromatin
7
splicing occurs in the nucleus?
before the RNA migrates to the cytoplasm
8
if you insert intronic sequence into a retrotransposon, with a splice donor and acceptor sites, would you expect that the new retrotransposon mRNA would contain this intronic sequence?
no
9
which bonds are rights?
C, G, & T, A
10
RNA splicing was discovered initially in?
1970
11
Number carbon at which attachment of phosphate group of next nucleotide ?
C 3
12
what is the structural unit of nucleic acids ?
nucleotide
13
what are eukaryotic genomes organized into?
chromosomes
14
following mitosis, the two daughter cells usually have ______ pattern of facultative heterochromatin and _______ pattern of constitutive heterochromatin as was present in the mother cell.
the same, a different
15
Based on the charge of the deoxyribose-phosphate backbone,Direction of movement in agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA:
- to +
16
splicing occurs in ?
animal cells
17
which type of modification can have both activating and repressive effects?
methylation
18
how does acetylation of histone tails affect the electrostatic interaction between DNA and histones?
weakens the positive charge on lysine
19
what type of information does the RNA transcript carry in comparison to the non-template strand of DNA?
same information
20
consist of genetically inactive satellite sequence
heterochromatin
21
how many hydrogen bonds are formed between G and C nucleotides?
3
22
RNA consists of ribonucleotides with bases A, G, and C, however, what nucleotides exist in RNA instead of those with thymine bases?
uracil
23
which enzyme is responsible for histone acetylation, transferring acetyl groups from acetyl coA to lysine?
histone acetyle transferase (HAT)
24
for the greatest stability of RNA, the ideal buffers should have a pH that is:
acidic
25
what is the name given to the membrane-bound compartment that contains eukaryotic DNA?
nucleus
26
segmental duplication can increase of what change in the genome?
chromosomal rearrangement
27
The splicing process includes :
None
28
which of the following is an accurate match?
heterochromatin- telomeres
29
what is true regarding prokaryotes and eukaryotes cells?
prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus while eukaryotes have a membrane- bound nucleus
30
which nucleic acid is more stable?
DNA
31
what signal do terminators provide regarding the RNA transcript?
completion of transcription
32
asgard archaea are named after a mythological location in which tradition?
norse mythology
33
what is the primary function of RNA polymerase?
synthesizing RNA from a DNA template
34
how does the assembly of RNA polymerase ll and transcription factors occur in eukaryotes during transcription initiation?
formation of the transcription pre-initiation complex
35
how do some drugs influence gene expression?
acting as agonists and antagonists of transcription factors
36
The binding of _______ is required for transcription to start
RNA polymerase
37
insertion of which of the following repeat sequences can impact the gene expressions levels of adjacent genes?
retrotransposon
38
which of the following enzymes promotes increased transcription from chromatin?
HAT
39
transcription is the process in which:
a gene’s DNA sequence is copied to make an RNA molecule by RNA polymerase
40
in the plant cell, which of the following is the largest genome?
autosomal genome
41
how do enhancers control gene expression?
through activation of transcription factors
42
RNA would be translated into a nonfunctional protein if:
the introns are not removed
43
Which one carries amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis?
TRNA
44
how many genes in humans would you estimate are genomically imprinted?
150
45
protein coding genes are typically found in ________, which represents 92% of the genome.
euchromatin
46
RNA nucleotides bind to each other by?
phosphodiester bond to form linear chain
47
what percentage of the human genome consists of exonic sequences?
2.8%
48
why is the DNA loosely packed in euchromatin?
so that the DNA can be easily accessible in order to be replicated and transcribed
49
what is the primary function of exons?
protein synthesis
50
what are the two states of chromatin ?
euchromatin and heterochromatin
51
genes carry instructions to make _______
proteins
52
mRNA is made from ?
DNA template during transcription
53
what are the segments of unwound DNA called?
chromatin loops
54
what form large loop structures called telomeres loops?
telomeres
55
prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. Therefore, the genes in prokaryotic cells are ________
transcribed and translated almost simultaneously
56
what are nucleosomes made of?
DNA wrapped around histone proteins
57
How to enhancers interact with promoters?
through 3-dimensional folding DNA
58
Nucleosome core is a wrap of DNA around histone core with ?
1.75 turn
59
asgard archaea genomes are most similar to which of the following?
eukaryotic autosomal genome
60
what is the direction of growth for the RNA chain synthesized by RNA polymerase during transcription?
5 to 3
61
what is the process of converting transcribed RNA into a protein called?
translation
62
what is the basic unit of DNA packaging?
nucleosome
63
anti-codon describes the triplet bases on :
tRNA
64
what is the primary role of microRNAs in gene regulation?
inhibiting translation of mRNA into proteins
65
Which enzyme is responsible for disrupting the hydrogen bonds between the base pair?
DNA helicase
66
what happens once terminators are transcribed during the transcription process?
they release RNA transcript from the polymerase
67
what is the primary role of transcription factors in gene regulation?
modulating gene expression
68
when RNA forms secondary structures, which of the following would you expect to see in the resultant RNA molecule?
double stranded RNA
69
what is the primary goal of transcription in the context of protein-coding genes?
generation of an RNA copy for protein synthesis
70
euchromatin is _______ of the genome
92%
71
what cellular compartment contains that autosomal genome in eukaryotic cells?
nucleus
72
what is the role of the duffy-negative phenotype in relation to the DARC gene?
disrupting DARC expression
73
in humans, where are the major clusters of imprinted genes identified?
chromosome 11p15 and chromosome 15q11 to 15q13
74
What is the role of the enzyme telomerase ?
it catalyzes the synthesis of telemere sequence
75
we can find segmental duplications on _______
both human chromosomes 17 and human chromosomes 22
76
which of the following is the most accurate statement?
imprinting affects the expression of a gene but not its primary DNA sequence
77
Which of the following types of sequence would have the highest melting temperature?
G-C rich sequence
78
what does non-coding DNA refer to?
DNA with unknowns functions
79
what is the enzyme that joins okazaki fragments together to form a continuous strand?
DNA ligase
80
Which direction does replication progress in?
5 to 3
81
what is the alternative splicing?
a mechanism that generates multiple mRNA transcripts from a single gene
82
During DNA replication, telomeres become _______ unless acted upon by the enzyme ________
shortened , telomerase
83
what is the overall theme conveyed by the paragraph regarding G6PD and DARC mutations?
cellular fortresses against plasmodium
84
which of the following is not a modification that regulates chromatin structure?
replication
85
what are the two main outcomes when microRNAs bind to mRNA during gene regulation?
mRNA decay and translational repression
86
in gene expression, what does the RNA copy, ot transcript, carry for a protein-coding gene ?
information needed to build a polypeptide
87
In a plant cell, which of the following is the largest genome?
autosomal genome
88
which of the following statements is accurate?
DNA is tightly wound to histones in euchromatin and transcription is decreased
89
the spliceosome is:
A large RNA-protein complex that catalizes removal of introns
90
how much of the human genome do you think lies within genes?
45%
91
Number Carbon that determine if this Pentose sugar is ribose or Deoxyribose?
C 2
92
How many genome types are present in a typical green plants cell?
three
93
how do DNA transposons move from one genomic location to another?
by a cut and paste mechanism
94
what separates a chromosomes into a long and short arm?
centromeres
95
the major steps of transcription are :
initiation, promotor clearance, termination, elongation
96
______ includes sequences associated with telomeres, centromeres, and repeats
heterochromatin
97
The processing of RNA occurs in several steps including capping and splicing and methylation
False
98
what are the two forms of retrotransposons found in animal genomes ?
LINEs and SINEs
99
where is satellite DNA found?
facultative heterochromatin
100
how does acetylation impact DNA accessibility around histones ?
loosening DNA structure