any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in which one individual varies from another.

also distinguish one person from another but are relatively less enduring.

an informed, scientific concept developed or constructed to describe or explain behavior

an observable action or the product of an observable action, including test- or assessment-related responses

definition of trait is a reminder that a trait is not expected to be manifested in behavior 100% of the time

What is the first assumption about psychological testing?

The second assumption, the specific traits and states to be measured and quantified need to be carefully defined

a sample of behaviors from all possible behaviors that could conceivably be indicative of a particular construct OR a sample of test items from all possible items that could conceivably be used to measure a particular construct

model of scoring that holds the assumption that the more the testtaker responds in a particular direction as keyed by the test manual as correct or consistent with a particular trait, the higher that testtaker is presumed to be on the targeted ability or trait

Third Assumption on psychological Testing

aid in the understanding of behavior that has already taken place

competent test users understand a great deal about the tests they use. This is the Assumption 4

a long-standing assumption that factors other than what a test attempts to measure will influence performance on the test

the component of a test score attributable to sources other than the trait or ability measured

The 7th Assumption?

the precision with which the test measures and the extent to which error is present in measurements

a test is considered valid for a particular purpose if it does, in fact, measure what it purports to measure

a method of evaluation and a way of deriving meaning from test scores by evaluating an individual testtaker’s score and comparing it to scores of a group of testtakers

the test performance data of a particular group of testtakers that are designed for use as a reference when evaluating or interpreting individual test scores

that group of people whose performance on a particular test is analyzed for reference in evaluating the performance of individual testtakers

the process of deriving norms

the controversial practice of norming on the basis of race or ethnic background

consist of descriptive statistics based on a group of testtakers in a given period of time rather than norms obtained by formal sampling method

the process of administering a test to a representative sample of testtakers for the purpose of establishing norms

in the process of developing a test, a test developer has targeted some defined group as the population for which the test is designed

a portion of the universe of people deemed to be representative of the whole population

the process of selecting the portion of the universe deemed to be representative of the whole population

such sampling would help prevent sampling bias and ultimately aid in the interpretation of the findings

every member of the population had the same chance of being included in the sample

arbitrarily select some sample we believe to be representative of the population

convenient or available for use

the raw data from a test’s standardization sample converted to percentile form

an expression of the percentage of people whose score on a test or measure falls below a particular raw score

the distribution of raw scores | the number of items that were answered correctly multiplied by 100 and divided by the total number of items

indicate the average performance of different samples of testtakers who were at various ages at the time the test was administered

indicate the average test performance of testtakers in a given school grade

applied broadly to norms developed on the basis of any trait, ability, skill, or other characteristic that is presumed to develop, deteriorate, or otherwise be affected by chronological age, school grade, or stage of life

derived from a normative sample that was nationally representative of the population at the time the norming study was conducted

provide stability to test scores by anchoring them to other test scores (hence, anchor

equivalency of scores on different tests is calculated with reference to corresponding percentile scores

the norming process where two tests are normed from the same sample

a normative sample can be segmented by any of the criteria initially used in selecting subjects for the sample

typically developed by test users | provide normative information with respect to the local population’s performance on some test

the distribution of scores obtained on the test from one group of testtakers — referred to as the fixed reference group — is used as the basis for the calculation of test scores for future administrations of the test

a procedure that permits the conversion of raw scores on the new version of the test into fixed reference group scores

a standard on which a judgment or decision may be based

a method of evaluation and a way of deriving meaning from test scores by evaluating an individual’s score with reference to a set standard

focus in the criterion-referenced approach is on how scores relate to a particular content area or domain

criterion-referenced tests are frequently used to gauge achievement or mastery