Any matter made a part of the document aliter its original preparation may be referred to as

A scientific conclusion results from relating observed facts)by logical, common-sense reasoning in accordance with established rules or laws. The document examiner's conclusion, in legal term is referred to as "opinion".

The one who studies scientifically the details and elements of documents in order to identify their source or to discover other facts concerning them. Also known as handwriting identification Expert.

The removal of writings, typewriting or printing, from a document is an erasure. It may be accomplished by either of two means. A chemical eradication in which the writing is removed or bleached by chemical agents (e.g. liquid ink eradicator); and an abrasive erasure is where the writing is effaced by rubbing with a rubber eraser or scratching out with a knife or other sharp with implement.

The act of making a close and critical study of any material and with questioned documents; it is the process necessary to discover the facts about them.

A legal term used to describe a witness who by reason of his special training or experience is permitted to express an opinion regarding the issue, or a certain aspect of the issue, which is involved in a court action.

Any document completely written and signed by one person; also known as a holograph.

As used in this text it is the state of being identical or absolutely the same as in similarity of source or authorship of the questioned document and the standard document.

include the addition of writing and other material between lines or paragraphs or the addition of whole page to a document.

As used in this text it means that the source or authorship of the compared questioned and standard specimens is different.

The blotting out or shearing over the writing to make the original invisible to as an addition.

In legal language, it refers to the document Examiner's conclusion. Actually in Court, he not only expresses an opinion but demonstrates the reasons for arriving at his opinion. Throughout this text, opinion and conclusion are used synonymously.

The professional experience, education, and ability of a document examiner. Before he is permitted to testify as an expert witness, the court must rule that he is qualified in his field.

Material compiled and organized by the document examiner to assist him in answering special questions. Reference collections of typewriting, check writing specimens, inks, pens, pencils, and papers are frequently maintained.

Are condensed and compact set of authentic specimens which, if adequate and proper, should contain a cross seetion of the material from a known source.

in questioned documents investigation, we mean those things whose origins are known and can be proven and which can be legally used as examples to compare with other matters in question.

A term used by some document examiners and attorneys to characterize known material. Standard is the older term.

which means that determination of authenticity, genuineness, falsification or forgery lies on the availability of known standards for comparison.

This involves the detection of forgery, erasure, alteration or obliteration of documents.

a noted British Examiner of questioned documents said that an intelligent police investigator can detect almost 75% of all forgeries by careful inspection of a document with simple magnifiers and measuring tools.

This is more focused in determining the author of writing. It is more difficult procedure and requires long study and experience.

A document examiner analyses any questioned document and is capable of more than just questions of authorship limited only by their access to laboratory equipment.

This is work involving the verification of age and worth of a document or object, sometimes done by a document examiner

This is work that often overlaps with that of the document examiner and focuses on the money trail and criminal intent.

These are public or private experts who date, type, source, and/or catalogue various types of paper, watermarks, ink printing/copy/fax machines, computer cartridges, etc., using chemical methodsThese are public or private experts who date, type, source, and/or catalogue various types of paper, watermarks, ink printing/copy/fax machines, computer cartridges, etc., using chemical methods

These are public or private experts who analyze altered, obliterated, changed or doctored documents and photos using infrared lighting, expensive spectrography equipment, or digital enhancement techniques

These are usually psychology experts who assess personality traits from handwriting samples, also called graphologists of graphoanalysts. Forensic stylistics-refers to the same purpose but by looking at semantics, spelling, word choice syntax, and phraseology.

These are experts on the origin, make, and model used in typewritten material

This is an emerging group that relates to QDE through some common investigative and testimonial procedures.

in which the writing is removed or bleached by chemical agents

where the writing is effaced by rubbing with a rubber eraser or scratching out with a knife or other sharp with implement.