-This theory is one that is widely know in definition, but not in name.

Differential Association Theory This is the theory which says that “we learn to be deviant through our interactions with others who break the rules”____&___

they report that “research has indicated that differential association is a consistent predictor across a range of deviant behaviors such as substance use, property crime, and computer crime”

says that “deviance is not inherent in any act, belief, or condition; instead, it is determined by the audience” (Ferris & Stein p. 186)

He explains that the label of a deviant will depend on “culture, time period, and context” (p. 186).

This theory is concerned with how an individual comes to view themselves based on how others label them. If others look at a person and describe that person as deviant, they have been given a label that they could potentially internalize.

brings out that “the deviant characteristic (e.g., drug addict, criminal, etc.) assigned to a person may become a status such that the 'label' will dominate all positive characteristics (e.g. parent, teacher, church member, etc.) that might otherwise characterize the person”

Two key phrases for this theory (Labeling Theory)

is the act that causes someone to be labeled deviant. Secondary deviance is the deviant identity developed by those labeled as such. Shoplifting a pair of sunglasses labels you a deviant.

is the deviant identity developed by those labeled as such. You make a career of thievery

One idea that works off of labeling theory is the idea of a

said “if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences”

The idea behind this is that if people expect something to happen, they will find it happening more often. However labels “are not 100% deterministic, and prophecies are not always self-fulfilling,” so situations are never completely out of a persons' control

This is a theory that is very important to human interaction. This is the way people perceive things and assign them meaning – and it is always very important to know if you wish to interact with the society around you appropriately

"Human naturally assign meaning to people and things. With these meaning assigned, we act accordingly".

One's own thought process is used to develop his or her own interpretation of symbols. The process of role taking shapes one's understanding of others and their self” (O'Boyle).

help explain both our individual personalities and the ways in which we are all linked together; it allows us to understand the processes by which both social order and social change are constructed

are mechanisms of social control. As opposed to forms of internal control, like cultural norms and values, sociologists consider sanctions a form of external control.

Sanctions can either be,

The social values present in individuals are products of informal social control. This type of control emerges from society, but is rarely stated explicitly to individuals. Instead, it is expressed and transmitted indirectly, through customs, norms and mores.

may include shame, ridicule, sarcasm, criticism, and disapproval. In extreme cases, sanctions may include social discrimination and exclusion.

can check deviant behavior of individuals or groups, either through internalization, or through dis-incentivizing the deviant behavior.

____to reward or punish behavior.

any control, either formal or informal, that is exerted by a group, especially by one’s peers

a penalty, or some coercive measure, intended to ensure compliance; especially one adopted by several nations, or by an international body

Often it is assumed that justice will be served, no ifs, ands, or buts. But justice is rarely so straightforward, and often it is applied unequally for a variety of reasons

Something that has been noticed in history is that way in which antisodomy laws were applied when they were still being used. While the laws could also apply to “acts like masturbation and heterosexual oral sex” in a few areas the laws were only “imposed against same-sex partners” (Ferris & Stein p. 185).

power is a factor of all social relations, particularly the political relations. It is present in every society. However, its distribution differs from society to society.

4 Major Theories of Power

_____stands associated with the name of____________

holds that in each society there are present two classes:

which owns the means of production and is the dominant economic class.

which is the class of economically weak and poor workers who are economically, socially and politically exploited and dominated by the class of the rich.

s the dominant class. It possesses social, economic, ideological and political power in society. It uses power to maintain its dominance over the society.

It exploits suppresses and dominants the class of the poor. It is the ___

holds that in every stage of social evolution, the class of the rich (the propertied class which owns the means of production and distribution in society) has always used power in society.

the masters used power over the slaves, in the Feudal Society, the feudal lords (Feudal Nobility/ the class of land owners)

always imposes and maintains its economic, social, ideological and political domination over the whole society.

can use an ideology or political persuasion or leadership

holds that power is always possessed and used by a class of persons in each society.

holds that in each society power is possessed and used by a small group of persons, the elite, which takes all decisions and rules the society. In each society, the power is really in the hands of the elite (called the Power Elite).

a small group of persons which takes all major decisions and is the centre of power in society. The ruling elite are always a minority of the people which uses power

rejects both the Class theory of power as well as the Elite theory of power. It holds that power is each society is really used neither by one class nor by any elite but by several different groups.

holds that in all societies, the power is actually in the hands of the men who as a group dominate as the group of women in society.

supported by the feminist writers and activists. They hold that each society stand divided on gender basis into the dominant group of all men and the dependent and dominated group of all women.

Marxist scholars, like _____ and others like____

advocate the view that undoubtedly power in each society is really in the hands of the dominant class which can be any class, the bureaucracy or an ideologically dominant class.

The 6 major protagonists of the Elite Theory of Power.