NERVOUS

100問 • 1年前

JHAYS

通報

問題一覧

Brain and spinal cord

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerves, Ganglia

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Insulate, support and protect the neurons. • "Nerve glue" • Do not carry nerve impulses.

NEUROGLIA

Transport nutrients to neurons and restrict what substances can enter the brain, forming the blood - brain barrier. • It provides structural support, regulates ion, nutrients and dissolved gases Concentrations • It absorbs and recycle neurotransmitters • Form scar tissue after injury

ASTROCYTES

Remove cellular debris, wastes and pathogens by phagocytosis from the nerve tissues.

MICROGLIA

• CNS structures that wrap around the neuronal axons, forming the myelin sheath. • It provides the structural framework of the body.

OLIGODENDROCYTES

• It is line ventricle (Brain) and central canal (Spinal Cord) • It assists in producing, circulating, and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid.

EPENDYMAL CELLS

• PNS structures that wrap around the neuronal axons to form the myelin sheath.

SCHWANN CELLS

• It surrounds neuron cell bodies in ganglia • It regulates Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, nutrients, and

SATTELITE CELLS

TYPES OF GLIAL CELLS (CNS)

ASTROCYTES, MICROGLIA, OLIGODENDROCYTES, EPENDYMAL CELLS

TYPES OF GLIAL CELLS (PNS)

SCHWANN CELLS/LEMMOCYTES, SATELLITE CELLS

- Cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells. - Basic functional unit of brains

NEURONS

process of reacting through a certain stimuli

IRRITABILITY

wiring that coordinates how your body runs and the signals travel quickly through the nervous system, and the ability of nerves to transmit impulses

CONDUCTIVITY

TYPES OF NEURONS: Carry messages from the CNS to the effectors

EFFERENT

TYPES OF NEURONS: Carry impulses from the sensory neurons to motor neurons.

INTERNEURONS

TYPES OF NEURONS Receive stimuli from receptor sites in the sensory organs (skin, eyes, ears, nose and taste buds) that can be perceived by the five senses. Carry messages or impulses toward the CNS.

AFFERENT

PARTS OF A NEURON • Are treelike extensions at the beginning of a neuron that receive information from other neurons and transmit electrical stimulation to the soma (cell body). • Threadlike extensions of the cytoplasm of a neuron. • Compose most of the receptive surface of a neuron • Function as an antennae • Segments of a neuron that receive stimulation in order for the cell to become active

DENDRITE

PARTS OF A NEURON • is the archivist and the architect of the cell. • As archivist it contains the genes, consisting of DNA • As architect, it synthesizes RNA from DNA and ships it through its pores to the cytoplasm for use in protein synthesis. • Central part of most cells that is enclosed in a membrane • Contains majority of the cell’s genetic material in the form of multiple linear DNA molecules organized into structures called chromosomes

NUCLEUS

PARTS OF A NEURON • Also called the "soma" • spherical part of the neuron that contains the nucleus. • connected to the dendrites which bring information to the neuron, which sends information to other neurons. • produces all the proteins for the dendrites, axons and synaptic terminals • contains specialized organelles such as the mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, secretory granules, ribosomes and Polysomes • to provide energy and make the parts • a production line to assemble the parts into completed products

CELL BODY

TYPES OF NEURON • long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells. • Main conducting unit of the neuron • Capable of conveying electric signals along distances that range from as shirt as 0.1mm to as long as 2m • Primary transmission lines of nervous system • Passes messages away from cell body to other neurons or glands

AXON

TYPES OF NEURON • Are the spaces between the myelin coating on the neuron's axon • act like electric wires • electricity will be conducted within the cell's environment, and this signal will be propagated down to the axon. • Periodic gap in the insulating/myelin sheath on the axon of certain neurons that serves to facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses.

NODE OF RANVIER

TYPES OF NEURON • a fatty white substance that surrounds the axon of some nerve cells, forming an electrically insulating layer • essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. It increases the speed at which impulses propagate along the myelinated fiber.

MYELIN SHEATH

TYPES OF NEURON • Also called neurilemmal cell • produces the myelin sheath around neuronal axons • also responsible in repairing damaged nerves and generating them.

SCHWANN CELL

gap between adjacent neurons

SYNAPTIC CLEFT

junction between nerves

SYNAPSE

• Where the messages go from one cell to the next cell. • Messages go from the axon of one cell to the dendrite of another; they never touch • The space between them is the synaptic cleft. • The conduction is accomplished through neurotransmitters. • Neurotransmitters • are chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross the synapse of a neuron to target receptor

SYNAPSE

• Chemicals responsible for signal transmission between the individual neurons • Most neurons make two or more transmitters, which are released at different stimulation frequencies • 50 or more neurotransmitters have been identified by chemical structure and function

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

• Also known as the “Epinephrine” • Important part of body’s ability to survive but sometimes will release the neurotransmitter when it is under stress, but not facing real danger • Can create feelings of dizziness, light-headedness, and vision changes • When no danger is present, that extra energy has no use, and this can leave the person feeling restless and irritable • Excessively high levels of the adrenaline due to stress without real danger can cause heart damage, insomnia, and a jittery, nervous feeling

ADRENALINE

• Also known as the Norepinephrine • Promotes alertness • Strongly associated with bringing our nervous system into “high- alert” • Associated with awake-arousal • Also important for forming memories • Healthy humans feed fish oil rich in the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA show reduced plasma levels of the stress-associated hormone

NORADRENALINE

Inhibitory neurotransmitter • when it finds its way to its receptor sites, it blocks the tendency of that neuron to fire • involved with motivation, decision-making, movement, reward processing, attention, working memory, and learning • Vitamin B6 is essential in converting __ • Produce arousal • Thought to play an important role in motivation, by attaching cognition of incentive significance to stimuli

DOPAMINE

• Short for endogenous morphineǁ • Inhibitory, it is involved in pain reduction and pleasure • It is structurally very similar to the opioids (opium, morphine, heroin, etc.) and has similar functions • Allows bears and animals to hibernate

ENDORPHINS

• major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain, occurring in 30-40% of all synapses • Acts like a brake to the excitatory neurotransmitters that lead to anxiety • Caffeine has an effect of inhibiting GABA release • Commonly inactivated after release into the synapse

GAMMA-AMINO-BUTYRIC-ACID

• Responsible for much of the stimulation of muscles, including the muscles of the gastrointestinal system. • Also found in sensory neurons and in the autonomic nervous system, and has a part in scheduling REM (dream) sleep • Linked to Alzheimer’s disease

ACETYLCHOLINE

• Most excitatory neurotransmitter in the cortex • Plays an important role in learning and memory long term potentiation (LTP) • molecular processes believed to help form memories, occurs in glutamatergic neurons in the hippocampus and cortex • Actually toxic to neurons, and an excess will kill them. • Sometimes brain damage or a stroke will lead to an excess and end with many more brain cells dying that from original trauma

GLUTAMATE

• Intimately involved in emotion and mood • Too little _____ has been shown to lead to: • Depression • problems with anger control • obsessive-compulsive disorder • suicide • also leads to an increased appetite for carbohydrates (starchy foods) and trouble sleeping, which are also associated with depression and other emotional disorders

SEROTONIN

• ○ Nerve impulses have a domino effect. • Each neuron receives an impulse and must pass it on to the next neuron and make sure the correct impulse continues on its path • Through a chain of chemical events, the dendrites (part of a neuron) pick up an impulse that’s shuttled through the axon and transmitted to the next neuron. • The entire impulse passes through a neuron in about seven milliseconds — faster than a lightning strike.

NERVE IMPULSE TRANSMISSION

• presence of neurotransmitters • it is open when an appropriate chemical lands

Chemically-Gated Channel

• open and closes in response to changes in membrane potential

Voltage-Gated Channels

open in response to physical deformation of the receptors

Mechanically-Gated Channel

Depolarization – a stimulus depolarizes the neuron’s membrane • A deploarized membrane allows sodium (Na+) to flow inside the membrane • The exchange of ions initiates an action potential in the neuron

STARTING A NERVE IMPULSE

• If the action potential (nerve impulse) starts, it is propagated over the entire axon • Potassium ions rush out ofthe neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane • The sodium-potassium pump restores the original configuration • This action requires ATP

THE ACTION POTENTIAL

• The impulse continues to move toward the cell body • Impulses travel faster when fibers have a myelin sheath

NERVE IMPULSE PROPAGATION

GROSS STRUCTURES OF BRAIN

CEREBRUM, CEREBELLUM, BRAINSTEM, DIENCEPHALON

DIENCEPHALON

THALAMUS, HYPOTHALAMUS

BRAINSTEM

PONS, MEDULLA, MIDBRAIN

An intricate mass of soft nervous tissue

BRAIN

- Gray matter • is the outer cortex and considered the highest center of reasoning and intellect. - White matter • located in the deeper part of the cerebral cortex, consists of myelinated nerve tracts.

CEREBRAL CORTEX

is the outer cortex and considered the highest center of reasoning and intellect.

GRAY MATTER

located in the deeper part of the cerebral cortex, consists of myelinated nerve tracts.

WHITE MATTER

Process of storing “old” information we have learned and packaging and storing of new information by the brain.

MEMORY

acts like a receptionist, deciding the significance of the event and determining where in the brain the information should be stored.

HIPPOCAMPUS

Coverings of the Brain (Meninges) - Outer brain covering, which lines the inside of the skull. - A tough, dense membrane of fibrous connective tissue containing an abundance of blood vessels.

DURA MATER

Coverings of the Brain (Meninges) The middle layer, resembling a fine cobweb with fluid-filled spaces.

ARACHNOID MATER

Coverings of the Brain (Meninges) • Covers the brain surface itself • consisting of blood vessels held together by fine areolar connective tissue.

PIA MATER

Spaces in between meninges - between the dura mater and arachnoid mater.

SUBDURAL SPACE

Spaces in between meninges • between the arachnoid and pia mater • filled with cerebrospinal fluid • produced within the ventricles of the brain.

SUBARACHNOID SPACE

- Acts as a liquid shock absorber and source of nutrients for the brain. - A substance formed inside the brain ventricles from the blood vessels of the choroid plexus. - Protects the delicate brain and the spinal cord. - removes metabolic waste products from the brain cells. - Can be used for detecting selected brain diseases.

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

is the removal of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic purposesis the removal of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic purposes

LUMBAR PUNCTURE

• Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body • Excludes many potentially harmful substances • Useless against some substances • Fats and fat soluble molecules • Respiratory gases • Alcohol • Nicotine • Anesthesia

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

• Largest part of the brain • Covers the whole upper part of the skull • Divided into 2 sections called cerebral hemispheres • by a deep groove known as longitudinal fissure • The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the cerebrum. • composed of gray matter formed into raised convolutions/ridges called gyri • the deeper furrows or grooves are the fissures • the shallow grooves between the gyri are called sulci.

CEREBRUM

CEREBRAL FEATURES It is composed of gray matter formed in raised convolutions or elevated ridges “winding” around the brain.

GYRI

CEREBRAL FEATURES Small grooves dividing the gyri

SULCI

CEREBRAL FEATURES Divides the Frontal Lobe from the parietal lobe

CENTRAL SULCUS

Deep grooves, generally dividing large regions/lobes of the brain

FISSURES

FISSURES Divided the two cerebral hemisphere (left and right)

LONGITUDINAL FISSURE

FISSURES Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

TRANSVERSE FISSURE

FISSURES Divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

SYLVIAN/LATERAL FISSURE

Both right and left hemispheres interpret sensory data, store memories, learn and form concepts.

TRUE

• ○ Language and logical operations • ○ Number skills • ○ Written language • ○ Reasoning • ○ Spoken language • ○ Scientific skills • ○ Right-hand control

LEFT HEMISPHERE

• ○ Emotions, artistic and spatial skills • ○ Insight • ○ Forms • ○ Art awareness • ○ Imagination • ○ Music awareness • ○ Left- hand control

RIGHT HEMISPHERE

LOBES OF THE BRAIN - Controls the voluntary motor activity - Expressive (motor) speech - Both right and left hemispheres interpret sensory data, store memories, learn and form concepts. • ability to speak clearly • Broca’s area • Damage to the area leaves the client unable to speak clearly • Expressive aphasia • but the client still knows and understands what to say

FRONTAL LOBE

LOBES OF THE BRAIN • Sensory perception • tactile sensations like temperature, touch, pain and pressure) • Concept formation and abstraction •● Right ___ lobe Spatial orientation and awareness of size and shapes (stereognosis) and body position (proprioception) •● Left ___ lobe Right-left orientation and mathematics

PARIETAL LOBE

Spatial orientation and awareness of size and shapes (stereognosis) and body position (proprioception)

RIGHT PARIETAL LOBE

Right-left orientation and mathematics

LEFT PARIETAL LOBE

LOBES OF THE BRAIN • Auditory receptive area • ability to hear • Auditory association areas ○ Left ____ lobe ability to store spoken language memories ○ Right ____ lobe sound memories that are not language like music, various animal sounds, other noises

TEMPORAL LOBE

facilitates understanding speech & language. Damage may result to : • Receptive Aphasia difficult to language • Auditory Aphasia difficulty music or sounds

WERNICKE’S AREA

difficult to language

Receptive Aphasia

difficulty music or sounds understand music or sounds

Auditory Aphasia

LOBES OF THE BRAIN Visual (receptive) interpretation areas • Visual Association Areas storage of visual memories contributes to the ability to visually recognize & understand the environment. • Visual speech center enables a person to read Damage to this area leaves the client unable to read (Alexia).

OCCIPITAL LOBE

LOBES OF THE BRAIN • Located at the center of the brain beneath the other four lobes. • Center for feelings and control of emotion (fear, anger, pleasure and sorrow) • Influences unconscious and instinctive behaviors that relate to survival • The temporal lobe component of the limbic system plays essential role in the interpretation of smell

LIMBIC SYSTEM

WHERE IS WERNICKE’S AREA ____ LOBE

TEMPORAL LOBE

WHERE IS BROCA’S AREA ____ LOBE

FRONTAL LOBE

PARTS explains why the sense of smell is associated with emotions (think of smells that recall happy memories).

OLFACTORY BULB

influences behavior appropriate to meet the body’s needs and is associated with emotional reactions especially fear, anxiety and aggression.

AMYGDALA

• involves in memory and learning, recognizes new information and recalls spatial relationships.

HIPPOCAMPUS

helps monitor strong emotions like rage and fright

PARAHIPPOCAMPUS

pathway of nerve fibers from hippocampus to mammillary body

FORNIX

nucleus that transmits messages between the fornix and the thalamus

MAMILLARY BODY

area that comprises the limbic cortex, and modifies behavior and emotion.

CINGULATE GYRUS

connect the fornix to the corpus callosum.

SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM

- controls the conscious thought, judgment, memory, reasoning and will power • The high degree of development makes the human the most intelligent of all the animals.

CEREBRAL CORTEX

• Located between the cerebrum and midbrain • Sits on top of the brain stem • Composed of the thalamus and Hypothalamus

DIENCEPHALON

• Acts as a relay station for incoming and outgoing nerve impulses • Receives and direct nerve impulses from the various sense organs of the body (except the olfactory sensations). • Also receive nerve impulses from the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and other areas of the brain.

THALAMUS

• Lies below the thalamus • A bundle of nerve fibers connects it to the pituitary gland, thalamus and the midbrain. • Part of the limbic system • considered as the brain of the brain.

HYPOTHALAMUS

- Composed of gray and white matter • Controls balance (equilibrium) and posture. • Controls voluntary (purposeful) motor activities, muscle movements, and position of body parts. • It is also known as the second largest part of thebrain

CEREBELLUM

- Attaches to the spinal cord - Composed of midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

BRAIN STEM

Contains two (2) respiratory centers that promote normal rhythm of breathing.

PONS

prolonged inhalation

Apneustic center

100

contributes to exhalation

Pneumotaxic Center

HCI

HCI

TERMS

TERMS

HEALTH DEF

HEALTH DEF

ANAPHY PRELIMS REVIEW

JHAYS · 43問 · 1年前

ANAPHY PRELIMS REVIEW

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

BIOCHEM

BIOCHEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM

joints

joints

muscle and joint movements

JHAYS · 17問 · 1年前

muscle and joint movements

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

LIPIDS

LIPIDS

NEUROTRANSMITTER

NEUROTRANSMITTER

NERVOUS PART 2

NERVOUS PART 2

SPECIAL SENSES

SPECIAL SENSES

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

THEORIST

THEORIST

THEORIST BASICS

THEORIST BASICS

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

JHAYS · 46問 · 1年前

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

LIPIDS METABOLISM

LIPIDS METABOLISM

REVALIDA (BIOGRAPHY)

REVALIDA (BIOGRAPHY)

REVALIDA (THEORY)

REVALIDA (THEORY)

REVALIDA - METAPARADIGM (NURSING)

JHAYS · 7問 · 1年前

REVALIDA - METAPARADIGM (NURSING)

7問 • 1年前

JHAYS

REVALIDA - METAPARADIGM (HEALTH)

JHAYS · 7問 · 1年前

REVALIDA - METAPARADIGM (HEALTH)

7問 • 1年前

JHAYS

REVALIDA - METAPARADIGM (ENVIRONMENT)

JHAYS · 7問 · 1年前

REVALIDA - METAPARADIGM (ENVIRONMENT)

7問 • 1年前

JHAYS

REVALIDA - METAPARADIGM (NURSING)

JHAYS · 7問 · 1年前

REVALIDA - METAPARADIGM (NURSING)

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

CARDIO

CARDIO

VASCULAR

VASCULAR

REPRODUCTIVE - MALE

REPRODUCTIVE - MALE

REPRODUCTIVE - FEMALE

JHAYS · 66問 · 1年前

REPRODUCTIVE - FEMALE

TFN FINALS

TFN FINALS

VITAMINS (AKA)

VITAMINS (AKA)

VITAMINS

VITAMINS

ENZYME

ENZYME

NUCLEIC ACID

NUCLEIC ACID

INTRO TO MICROBIOLOGY (MICROPARA LEC/LAB)

JHAYS · 24問 · 1年前

INTRO TO MICROBIOLOGY (MICROPARA LEC/LAB)

24問 • 1年前

JHAYS

MICROSCOPY (MICROPARA LEC/LAB)

JHAYS · 27問 · 1年前

MICROSCOPY (MICROPARA LEC/LAB)

27問 • 1年前

JHAYS

STAINING (MICROPARA LEC/LAB)

JHAYS · 31問 · 1年前

STAINING (MICROPARA LEC/LAB)

31問 • 1年前

JHAYS

NURSING AS A PROFESSION (FUNDA LEC)

JHAYS · 22問 · 1年前

NURSING AS A PROFESSION (FUNDA LEC)

22問 • 1年前

JHAYS

DIFFERENT WARDS IN HOSPITAL (FUNDA LAB)

JHAYS · 35問 · 1年前

DIFFERENT WARDS IN HOSPITAL (FUNDA LAB)

35問 • 1年前

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CHAIN OF INFECTION (FUNDA LAB)

JHAYS · 26問 · 1年前

CHAIN OF INFECTION (FUNDA LAB)

26問 • 1年前

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INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH ASSESSMENT (HA LEC)

JHAYS · 16問 · 1年前

INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH ASSESSMENT (HA LEC)

HEALTH EDUC

HEALTH EDUC

ETHICS

ETHICS

CULTURE IN MORAL BEHAVIOR

JHAYS · 35問 · 1年前

CULTURE IN MORAL BEHAVIOR

35問 • 1年前

JHAYS

GROWTH OF PROFESSIONALISM - FUNDA LEC

JHAYS · 30問 · 1年前

GROWTH OF PROFESSIONALISM - FUNDA LEC

30問 • 1年前

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HISTORY OF NURSING IN THE WORLD - FUNDA LEC

JHAYS · 85問 · 1年前

HISTORY OF NURSING IN THE WORLD - FUNDA LEC

85問 • 1年前

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DIFFERENT FIELDS OF NURSING - FUNDA LEC

JHAYS · 11問 · 1年前

DIFFERENT FIELDS OF NURSING - FUNDA LEC

11問 • 1年前

JHAYS

BODY MECHANICS - FUNDA RLE

JHAYS · 7問 · 1年前

BODY MECHANICS - FUNDA RLE

BED BATH - FUNDA RLE

BED BATH - FUNDA RLE

BED MAKING - RLE

BED MAKING - RLE

HISTORY TAKING - HA

HISTORY TAKING - HA

GENERAL SUVEY - HA

GENERAL SUVEY - HA

METHODS OF EXAMINING - HA

JHAYS · 19問 · 1年前

METHODS OF EXAMINING - HA

SKIN ASSESSMENT - HA

SKIN ASSESSMENT - HA

EYE ASSESSMENT - HA

EYE ASSESSMENT - HA

PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS (MICROPARA)

JHAYS · 44問 · 1年前

PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS (MICROPARA)

44問 • 1年前

JHAYS

BACTERIAL GROWTH REQUIREMENTS - MICROPARA

JHAYS · 22問 · 1年前

BACTERIAL GROWTH REQUIREMENTS - MICROPARA

22問 • 1年前

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BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY- MICROPARA

JHAYS · 28問 · 1年前

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY- MICROPARA

28問 • 1年前

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HOST RESPONSE TO INFECTION - MICROPARA

JHAYS · 32問 · 1年前

HOST RESPONSE TO INFECTION - MICROPARA

Communication skills

Communication skills

NURSING PROCESS

NURSING PROCESS

Guidelines for Nursing Diagnosis

JHAYS · 28問 · 1年前

Guidelines for Nursing Diagnosis

TERMS

TERMS

CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES - MICROPARA

JHAYS · 11問 · 1年前

CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES - MICROPARA

11問 • 1年前

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BACTERIA AND DISEASE - MICROPARA

JHAYS · 48問 · 1年前

BACTERIA AND DISEASE - MICROPARA

48問 • 1年前

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EXOTOXIN VS. ENDOTOXIN

JHAYS · 28問 · 1年前

EXOTOXIN VS. ENDOTOXIN

INTRO TO PARA

INTRO TO PARA

HEALTH TEACHING PLAN

HEALTH TEACHING PLAN

DIFFERENT TRADITIONAL TEACHING STRATEGIES

JHAYS · 20問 · 1年前

DIFFERENT TRADITIONAL TEACHING STRATEGIES

20問 • 1年前

JHAYS

TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS

JHAYS · 17問 · 1年前

TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS

CARDIOVASCULAR

CARDIOVASCULAR

ABDOMINAL

ABDOMINAL

BACTERIAL INFECTION (PATHOGEN)

JHAYS · 48問 · 10ヶ月前

BACTERIAL INFECTION (PATHOGEN)

BACTERIAL INFECTION

BACTERIAL INFECTION

COMMON PARASITIC INFECTION

JHAYS · 42問 · 10ヶ月前

COMMON PARASITIC INFECTION

MYCOLOGY

MYCOLOGY

DOCUMENTATION

DOCUMENTATION

Health and Illness

Health and Illness

LOSS AND GRIEF

LOSS AND GRIEF

BACK CARE AND MASSAGE

JHAYS · 8問 · 10ヶ月前

BACK CARE AND MASSAGE

PATIENT POSITIONING

PATIENT POSITIONING

SUPPORT DEVICES

SUPPORT DEVICES

VACCINE

VACCINE

NUDIET TERMINILOGIES

NUDIET TERMINILOGIES

NUTRITION

NUTRITION

1. ANATOMY & PHYSIO

1. ANATOMY & PHYSIO

2. FETAL DEVELOPMENT

2. FETAL DEVELOPMENT

TERMS TO REMEMBER

TERMS TO REMEMBER

PHARMACOLOGY

PHARMACOLOGY

3. MAMMARY GLANDS

3. MAMMARY GLANDS

問題一覧

Brain and spinal cord

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerves, Ganglia

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Insulate, support and protect the neurons. • "Nerve glue" • Do not carry nerve impulses.

NEUROGLIA

ASTROCYTES

Remove cellular debris, wastes and pathogens by phagocytosis from the nerve tissues.

MICROGLIA

• CNS structures that wrap around the neuronal axons, forming the myelin sheath. • It provides the structural framework of the body.

OLIGODENDROCYTES

• It is line ventricle (Brain) and central canal (Spinal Cord) • It assists in producing, circulating, and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid.

EPENDYMAL CELLS

• PNS structures that wrap around the neuronal axons to form the myelin sheath.

SCHWANN CELLS

• It surrounds neuron cell bodies in ganglia • It regulates Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, nutrients, and

SATTELITE CELLS

TYPES OF GLIAL CELLS (CNS)

ASTROCYTES, MICROGLIA, OLIGODENDROCYTES, EPENDYMAL CELLS

TYPES OF GLIAL CELLS (PNS)

SCHWANN CELLS/LEMMOCYTES, SATELLITE CELLS

- Cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells. - Basic functional unit of brains

NEURONS

process of reacting through a certain stimuli

IRRITABILITY

wiring that coordinates how your body runs and the signals travel quickly through the nervous system, and the ability of nerves to transmit impulses

CONDUCTIVITY

TYPES OF NEURONS: Carry messages from the CNS to the effectors

EFFERENT

TYPES OF NEURONS: Carry impulses from the sensory neurons to motor neurons.

INTERNEURONS

TYPES OF NEURONS Receive stimuli from receptor sites in the sensory organs (skin, eyes, ears, nose and taste buds) that can be perceived by the five senses. Carry messages or impulses toward the CNS.

AFFERENT

DENDRITE

NUCLEUS

CELL BODY

AXON

NODE OF RANVIER

MYELIN SHEATH

TYPES OF NEURON • Also called neurilemmal cell • produces the myelin sheath around neuronal axons • also responsible in repairing damaged nerves and generating them.

SCHWANN CELL

gap between adjacent neurons

SYNAPTIC CLEFT

junction between nerves

SYNAPSE

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

ADRENALINE

NORADRENALINE

DOPAMINE

ENDORPHINS

GAMMA-AMINO-BUTYRIC-ACID

ACETYLCHOLINE

GLUTAMATE

SEROTONIN

NERVE IMPULSE TRANSMISSION

• presence of neurotransmitters • it is open when an appropriate chemical lands

Chemically-Gated Channel

• open and closes in response to changes in membrane potential

Voltage-Gated Channels

open in response to physical deformation of the receptors

Mechanically-Gated Channel

STARTING A NERVE IMPULSE

THE ACTION POTENTIAL

• The impulse continues to move toward the cell body • Impulses travel faster when fibers have a myelin sheath

NERVE IMPULSE PROPAGATION

GROSS STRUCTURES OF BRAIN

CEREBRUM, CEREBELLUM, BRAINSTEM, DIENCEPHALON

DIENCEPHALON

THALAMUS, HYPOTHALAMUS

BRAINSTEM

PONS, MEDULLA, MIDBRAIN

An intricate mass of soft nervous tissue

BRAIN

CEREBRAL CORTEX

is the outer cortex and considered the highest center of reasoning and intellect.

GRAY MATTER

located in the deeper part of the cerebral cortex, consists of myelinated nerve tracts.

WHITE MATTER

Process of storing “old” information we have learned and packaging and storing of new information by the brain.

MEMORY

acts like a receptionist, deciding the significance of the event and determining where in the brain the information should be stored.

HIPPOCAMPUS

Coverings of the Brain (Meninges) - Outer brain covering, which lines the inside of the skull. - A tough, dense membrane of fibrous connective tissue containing an abundance of blood vessels.

DURA MATER

Coverings of the Brain (Meninges) The middle layer, resembling a fine cobweb with fluid-filled spaces.

ARACHNOID MATER

Coverings of the Brain (Meninges) • Covers the brain surface itself • consisting of blood vessels held together by fine areolar connective tissue.

PIA MATER

Spaces in between meninges - between the dura mater and arachnoid mater.

SUBDURAL SPACE

Spaces in between meninges • between the arachnoid and pia mater • filled with cerebrospinal fluid • produced within the ventricles of the brain.

SUBARACHNOID SPACE

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

is the removal of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic purposesis the removal of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic purposes

LUMBAR PUNCTURE

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

CEREBRUM

CEREBRAL FEATURES It is composed of gray matter formed in raised convolutions or elevated ridges “winding” around the brain.

GYRI

CEREBRAL FEATURES Small grooves dividing the gyri

SULCI

CEREBRAL FEATURES Divides the Frontal Lobe from the parietal lobe

CENTRAL SULCUS

Deep grooves, generally dividing large regions/lobes of the brain

FISSURES

FISSURES Divided the two cerebral hemisphere (left and right)

LONGITUDINAL FISSURE

FISSURES Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

TRANSVERSE FISSURE

FISSURES Divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

SYLVIAN/LATERAL FISSURE

Both right and left hemispheres interpret sensory data, store memories, learn and form concepts.

TRUE

• ○ Language and logical operations • ○ Number skills • ○ Written language • ○ Reasoning • ○ Spoken language • ○ Scientific skills • ○ Right-hand control

LEFT HEMISPHERE

• ○ Emotions, artistic and spatial skills • ○ Insight • ○ Forms • ○ Art awareness • ○ Imagination • ○ Music awareness • ○ Left- hand control

RIGHT HEMISPHERE

FRONTAL LOBE

PARIETAL LOBE

Spatial orientation and awareness of size and shapes (stereognosis) and body position (proprioception)

RIGHT PARIETAL LOBE

Right-left orientation and mathematics

LEFT PARIETAL LOBE

TEMPORAL LOBE

facilitates understanding speech & language. Damage may result to : • Receptive Aphasia difficult to language • Auditory Aphasia difficulty music or sounds

WERNICKE’S AREA

difficult to language

Receptive Aphasia

difficulty music or sounds understand music or sounds

Auditory Aphasia

OCCIPITAL LOBE

LIMBIC SYSTEM

WHERE IS WERNICKE’S AREA ____ LOBE

TEMPORAL LOBE

WHERE IS BROCA’S AREA ____ LOBE

FRONTAL LOBE

PARTS explains why the sense of smell is associated with emotions (think of smells that recall happy memories).

OLFACTORY BULB

influences behavior appropriate to meet the body’s needs and is associated with emotional reactions especially fear, anxiety and aggression.

AMYGDALA

• involves in memory and learning, recognizes new information and recalls spatial relationships.

HIPPOCAMPUS

helps monitor strong emotions like rage and fright

PARAHIPPOCAMPUS

pathway of nerve fibers from hippocampus to mammillary body

FORNIX

nucleus that transmits messages between the fornix and the thalamus

MAMILLARY BODY

area that comprises the limbic cortex, and modifies behavior and emotion.

CINGULATE GYRUS

connect the fornix to the corpus callosum.

SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM

- controls the conscious thought, judgment, memory, reasoning and will power • The high degree of development makes the human the most intelligent of all the animals.

CEREBRAL CORTEX

• Located between the cerebrum and midbrain • Sits on top of the brain stem • Composed of the thalamus and Hypothalamus

DIENCEPHALON

THALAMUS

• Lies below the thalamus • A bundle of nerve fibers connects it to the pituitary gland, thalamus and the midbrain. • Part of the limbic system • considered as the brain of the brain.

HYPOTHALAMUS

CEREBELLUM

- Attaches to the spinal cord - Composed of midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

BRAIN STEM

Contains two (2) respiratory centers that promote normal rhythm of breathing.

PONS

prolonged inhalation

Apneustic center

100

contributes to exhalation

Pneumotaxic Center