問題一覧
1
what are the 5 I’s (in order)
1. Inoculation 2. Incubation 3. Isolation 4. Inspection/ Information Gathering 5. Identification
2
what does inoculation mean
producing a culture
3
what does incubation mean
growing the inoculum under the right conditions
4
what does isolation mean
seperating one species from another
5
what does inspection/information gathering mean
macroscopic observations of the colonies and microscopic observations (staining smears)
6
what does identification mean
to species (positive strain ?)
7
what is culture medium
medium is a SINGLE nutrient prepared for microbial growth
8
what is culture media
media is MULTIPLE nutrients prepared for microbial growth
9
what is inoculum
the microbe being introduced to the medium
10
what is inoculation regarding inoculum
act of transferring the inoculum to the medium
11
what are the conditions for media preparation
asepsis and aseptic technique
12
what is asepsis
the absence of contamination by unwanted organisms
13
what is the aseptic technique
sterile technique, meaning that sterile media and inoculating tools must be used
14
what are the 3 categories of media classification
physical state, chemical composition, functional type
15
what is physical state
the mediums normal consistency
16
what is an example of a physical state
liquid, semisolid, a solid that can be converted to a liquid, or a solid that can’t be converted to a liquid
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what is chemical composition
type of chemicals a medium contains
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what’s an example of a chemical composition
synthetic—> chemically defined or nonsynthetic —> not chemically defined
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what’s functional type
purpose of a medium
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what’s an example of a functional type
enriched, selective, differential, anaerobic growth, specimen transport, assay, or enumeration
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what does enriched mean
fastidious bacteria; needs extra nutrients
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what does selective media mean
suppress unwanted microbes and encourage desired microbes
23
what does differential media mesn
makes it easy to distinguish colonies of different microbes
24
what does reducing media mean
contains chemicals (thioglycollate) that combine O2, heated to drive off O2
25
True or False: aerobes need O2
True
26
True or False: Facultative Anaerobe need O2
False, they can live with or without O2
27
True or False: Aerogolerant Anaerobe need O2
False, they can live with or without O2
28
True or False: Obligate Anaerobe need O2
False, they can’t live with O2
29
what is the colony forming theroy
the theory behind how we get isolated colonies. all isolated colonies originate from one cell.
30
True or False: early microscopes we’re single lense
True
31
what are the key microscope characteristics
magnification and resolution
32
what does magnification on a microscope do
enlarges objects
33
what does resolution on a microscope do
shows detail
34
what is a compound scope
2 lenses: objective lense • ocular power = total magnification
35
what is resolution
the wave length of light that forms the imagine along with characteristics of the objects
36
what does ROYGBIV stand for
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
37
what colors have long wave lengths with bad resolution
ROYG
38
what colors have short wave lengths with good resolution
BIV
39
True or False: the higher the magnification, the more light needed
True
40
what is the refractive index
the measure of the light, bending ability of a medium
41
what does immersion oil do
keeps the light from bending
42
what can you use when preparing specimens for optical microscopes
wet mounts and hanging drop mounts, fixed mounts, heat fixation
43
what is wet mount and hanging drop mount
tend to dry quickly under the microscope light, when microbes are places in liquid
44
what is fixed mounts
made by drying and heating film of specimen the the smear is stained by using dyes
45
what is heat fixation
kills microbe and makes it stick to the slide
46
True or False: most dyes form ions when dissolved in a solvent
True
47
are basic dyes positive or negative
positive
48
are acidic dyes positive or negative
negative
49
True or False: we use opposite charge of dye on charged bacterial cells
True
50
what dye do we use on negative charged bacteria
basic dye
51
what is a simple stain
uses one type of stain
52
what is a differential stain
difference between 2 cell types or 2 cell parts
53
what is a special stain
used to show certain parts not stained by regular staining methods
54
what is capsule stains
gelatinous or slimy layer surrounding some bacterial cells. (one type involves a combination of positive and negative staining)
55
What are some basic shapes of cells
spherical, cubical, cylindrical
56
what is the internal content of cells
cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane
57
what is the dna of cells
chromosomes, ribosomes
58
what are the two basic cell types
eykaryotic and prokaryotic
59
what are prokaryotes 3 basic shapes
coccus, bacillus, spirillum
60
what does a coccus prokaryotic cell shape look like
spherical
61
what does a bacillus prokaryotic cell shape look like
rod
62
what does a spirillum prokaryotic cell shape look like
helical, comma, twisted rod
63
what are other shapes (besides the main 3 basic ones) that prokaryotes cells can have
coccobacillus, vibrio, spirochete
64
what does a coccobacillus prokaryotic cell shape look like
very short and plump
65
what does a vibrio prokaryotic cell shape look like
genetically curved
66
what does a spirochete prokaryotic cell shape look like
spring like
67
what are eukaryotic cells
animals, plants, fungi, protists
68
what are prokaryotic cells
bacteria and archaea
69
T or F: eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
True
70
T or F: prokaryotic cells have a nucleus
False
71
T or F: eukaryotic cells have a double membrane bound organelle with dna chromosomes
True
72
T or F: prokaryotic cells have a membrane bound organelle
False
73
what is Prokarotic Plenorphism
variation of cell shape and size within a single species, found in some extremophiles, shape can be altered by environmental conditions
74
what are the bacterial arrangements
cocci and bacilli
75
what can the bacterial arrangement cocci be
singles or staphylo
76
what can the bacterial arrangement bacilli be
strepto
77
what does singles (cocci) look like
alone
78
what does staphylo (cocci) look like
clusters
79
what does strepto (bacilli) look like
chains
80
what is the external structure glycocalyx
surface coating made of sugars and or proteins
81
what are the two major groups of the external structure appendages
motility and attachment or channels
82
what are the appendages for motility
flagella and axial filaments
83
what are the appendages for attachment or channels
fimbrae and pilli
84
what are the two types of gycocalyx
slime layer and capsule
85
T or F: the slime layer of glycocalyx is loosly organized and attached
True
86
T or F: the capsule of glycocalyx is highly organized and tightly attached
True
87
what are the functions of glycocalyx
protect cells from dehydration and nutrient loss, inhibit killing white blood cells, attachment (formation of biofilms)
88
what are the 3 parts of flagella
filament, hook, basal body
89
what is the filament of flagella
long, thin, helical structure composed of protein flagellin
90
what is the hook of flagella
curved sheath
91
what is the basal body of flagella
stack of rings firmly anchored in cell wall
92
what are the 4 types of arrangement of flagella
monotrichous, lephotrichous, amphitrichous, peritrichous
93
what is the flagella arrangement monotrichous
single flagellum at one end
94
what is the flagella arrangement lephotrichous
small bunches emerging from the same cite
95
what is the flagella arrangement amphitrichous
flagella at both ends of cell
96
what is the flagella arrangement peritrichous
flagella dispersed over surface of cell
97
T or F: endo means inside
True
98
what are endoflagella
internal flagella, twist
99
where are endoflagella typically located
in space between outer sheath and cell wall
100
what do endoflagella do
produce cellular motility by contracting and impacting twisting or flexing motion