-the breaking down of rocks either mechanically or chemically - caused by numerous factors such as climate change, surface area, topographic relief, and rock composition.

Types of Weathering

a process wherein rocks are broken down into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition due to several factors

a process wherein rock materials are changed into other substances that have different physical & chemical compositions.

____ is the removal and simultaneous transportation of earth materials from one location to another by water, wind, waves, or moving ice.

the placing of the eroded material in a new location.

Heat can be transferred in three ways:

_____ is the transfer of energy from one molecule to another by direct contact. This transfer occurs when molecules hit against each other, similar to a game of pool where one moving ball strikes another, causing the second to move.

_____ is the movement of heat by a fluid such as water or air. The fluid (liquid or gas) moves from one location to another, transferring heat along with it.

_____ is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves. When you stand in the sun, you are warmed by the electromagnetic waves, mainly infrared radiation (and to a lesser extent, visible light), that travels from the sun to Earth

____ rocks form when hot, molten rock crystallizes and solidifies. The melt originates deep within the Earth near active plate boundaries or hot spots, then rises toward the surface.

_______ is the transformation of existing rock to rock with a different mineral composition or texture. Me

the usual process at work at divergent plate boundaries, leading to the creation of new ocean floor. As two tectonic plates slowly separate, molten material rises up from within the mantle to fill the opening.

Name of Scientist that attributed to Seafloor spreading

also known as guide fossils, used to define or identify geologic periods

different rock formation events but have the same age

Older rocks are in the lower part and the younger ones are in the upper parts

A rock mass that contains pieces of rocks called inclusions that are younger than the other rock masses.

Rock layers extend laterally, or out to the sides. They may cover very broad areas, especially if they formed at the bottom of ancient seas

Sediments were deposited in ancient seas in horizontal, or flat, layers. If sedimentary rock layers are tilted, they must have moved after they were deposited.

if a rock is cut by another rock, then it is older than the rock which has cut it.

any animal or plant preserved in the rock record of the Earth that is characteristic of a particular span of geologic time or environment

It is the breaking up of pre-existing rocks.

A process that forms layers of sediments into rocks

What makes stratified rocks different from massive rocks?

A stage in stratification that makes use of salt crystals to glue layers together.

Stratified rocks are usually ______ rocks of origin

What is the direction of sediments deposited in the ocean floor during stratification?

Which of the following starts the process of stratification with sedimentation?

____ - Have layers ____ -Don't have layers

The _____ layer is at the top while the _____ layer is at the bottom

focused on identifying the relationship of layers (in terms of age) in stratified rocks.

→ Determining age of the layers based on the fossil evidences in each stratum → It states that, "Every stratum consists of fossils that were deposited based on their evolutionary existence." → Principle of Faunal Succession

Biostratigraphy determines the age of the layers based on the _____ in each stratum

The most important in establishing the geological time scale