The prokaryotic cells most commonly used to study transcription and translation are from

The DNA sequence to which an RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription of a gene is called a(n)

Transcription is __ dependent __ synthesis.

Mitochondrial genes are transcribed by

rRNA modifications are mediated by

TATA boxes are found

Looping of DNA has been observed by investigators using electron microscopy techniques. The presence of which feature in DNA might be indicated by such observations?

An electrophoresis assay used to identify the sequences of DNA to which specific regulatory proteins bind is called

Eukaryotic gene regulation is facilitated by

Translation always occurs on which of the following structures?

Immunoglobulins are composed of two heavy chains and two light chains, joined by ___ bonds.

Which region is NOT part of the immunoglobulin light chain?

In the mouse, the total number of heavy chains that can be generated by site-specificr recombination events is Germ-line DNA about

T cell receptors

Mutations result from the loss of bases at the ends during ___ end joining, as well as from the addition of ___ by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase.

Because the switch regions are within introns, the precise site at which class switch recombination takes place does not affect the immunoglobulin ____sequence.

Which of the following does not contribute to the large variety of antigen-binding specificities found among the Immunoglobulins?

Gene amplification is

RNA polymerase differs from DNA polymerase in that it

The DNA sequence to which an RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription of a gene is called a(n)

The role of the sigma (o) factor in prokaryote transcription is to

Termination of transcription in E. coli is signaled by

Whereas all genes are transcribed by a single core RNA polymerase in bacteria, eukaryotic cells contain ___ nuclear RNA polymerases that transcribe distinct classes of genes.

The first step in the formation of a transcription complex for mRNA transcription is the binding of to the _____ TATA box.

Release of RNA polymerase II to initiate transcription appears to be the direct result of the

Which statement about transcription of ribosomal RNA is FALSE?

Genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III are expressed from three types of promoters. The promoters of ____ and ___ genes are downstream of the transcription initiation site.

The processing of pre-rRNA involves a substantial amount of modification resulting both from the addition of _____ groups to specific ribose residues and from the conversion of uridine to ____.

rRNA modifications are mediated by

Processing of pre-tRNAs to produce tRNAs involves

The 5' end of messenger RNA is modified by

A poly-A tail is added to an mRNA by

Suppose that a gene has three exons and two introns in the following order: <5' exon 1- intron 1 - exon 2 - intron 2- exon 3 3'> Which of the following could NOT result from alternative splicing in this gene?

During splicing. pre-mRNAs go through an intermediate stage when they are shaped like

Spliceosomes are composed of proteins and RNAs (snRNPs). The RNA components of the spliceosome are five different

Which snRNA is responsible for recognition of the 5' splice site consensus sequence in mRNA splicing?

Self-splicing RNAs are found in some mRNA, rRNA and tRNA genes of

The SR splicing factors bind to specific sequences within exons. The SR proteins recruit ____ to the splice site.

Alternative splicing of transformer (tra) pre-mRNA is regulated by the ____ protein, which is only expressed in _____ flies.

A process called alterative splicing.of mRNA transcripts can produce mRNAs with ____ from the same gene.

The form of apolipoprotein B (Apo-8) produced by the intestine is shorter than the Apo- -B produced by the liver. The intestine produces a smaller protein by

mRNAs are degraded in the cytoplasm by

베타-galactosidase catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose to ___ and ___.

The lac operon in E. coli is regulated by allolactose, which ____ a(n) ____ of transcription.

The lac operon is regulated by both a positive transcriptional control system and a negative transcriptional control system. Under what conditions will both systems operate to stimulate transcription of the lac operon?

Which statement about cis-acting elements is true?

TATA boxes are found

One way that a promoter differs from an enhancer is that it

Looping of DNA has been observed by investigators using electron microscopy techniques. The presence of which feature in DNA might be indicated by such observations?

Transcription factors bound at a distant enhancer are able to interact with Mediator or general transcription factors at the promoter because the intervening DNA can form loops, stabilized by ____.

The immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer spans about 200 bases and contains nine functional sequence elements, which together stimulate transcription in ____ but not in other types of cells.

Chromosomes are organized into multiple loop structures that maintain specificity of enhancers for their cognate genes by the proteins ____ and ____.

An electrophoresis assay used to identify the sequences of DNA to which specific regulatory proteins bind is called

A researcher wants to isolate regulatory sequences of DNA bound to their transcription factors. She then wants to sequence the DNA fragments that form the binding sites that the transcription factors recognize and bind. Which technique should the researcher use for her first step?

Kadonaga and Tjian were able to isolate the transcription factor Sp1 by exploiting its ability to bind

Many transcriptional activators are composed of two or more independent ____. each with its own separate function.

Eukaryotic gene repressor proteins are thought to act by binding to

What causes RNA polymerase to pause just after transcription is initiated?