Process whereby bacteria, animal parasites, fungi, and viruses enter host cells or tissues and spread in the body

The process by which bacteria stick to the surfaces of host cells.

A person or animal with asymptomatic infection that can be transmitted to another susceptible person or animal

Multiplication of infectious agent within the body.

Microbial flora harbored by normal, healthy individuals

A microorganism that does not cause disease

An agent capable of causing disease only when the host's resistance is impaired

A microorganism capable of causing disease

The ability of an infectious agent to cause disease

Protein toxins that activate the immune system by binding to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and T-cell receptors (TCR) and stimulate large numbers of T cells to produce massive quantities of cytokines

He proposed a series of postulates that have been applied broadly to link many specific bacterial species with particular diseases.

The following are the microbes that cannot be grown in vitro but have animal models instead, except

Which of the following microorganism has no animal model but can be grown in vitro

The following are portals of entry of pathogenic bacteria except

Microorganism that causes Whipple disease

Causes bacillary angiomatosis

Causes monocytic ehrlichiosis

Causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

Causes Kaposi sarcoma

Causes tuberculosis

Cause of bubonic plague

What is the mode of transmission of Bacillus anthracis

Mode of transmission of Yersinia pestis

Causes gastroenteritis and gas gangrene

Causes botulism

Causes tetanus

Process where DNA from one organism released into the environment and taken up by different organism

These are extra chromosomal pieces of DNA capable of replicating

These are highly mobile segments of DNA

The following are the common signals that control the expression of the virulence genes except

Diphtheria toxin is greatly enhanced when grown in medium with ____________

B. pertussi virulence genes gets enhanced with _______________

Cholera toxin is higher at __________

Plasmid-encoded proteins of Y. pestis are expressed maximally at _________ (host temperature) and minimally at _________;(flea temperature).

Yersinia enterolitica and Listeria monocytogenes become motile at 26 degrees Celsius and not at 37 degrees Celsius

These are large organized group of genes that are usually 10-200 kb in size.

Which of the following belong to the major properties of PAIs