most common pathway for CARCINOMAS (Epithelial)

usually used as criterion toward malignancy- irreversible, more primitive cells d

occurs as a natural consequence of maturation, as in atrophy of the thymus and lymphoid tissue during puberty. Sexual organs and brain begin to atrophy at age 50.

hypertension of the mucosa

most common pathway for SARCOMAS (connective tissue)

large accumulation of Pus

Protective response of the tissues of the body to irritation or injury

“swelling”. Due to increased capillary permeability causing extravasation of blood fluid; recruitment of phagocytes

organ/tissues larger than normal

pus/purulent exudate

non-appearance of an organ

“pain”. Due to pressure upon the sensory nerve by the exudate/tumor

based upon the size of invasion

incomplete/defective development of tissue/organ. NO RESEMBLANCE TO THE ADULT STRUCTURE

Grading of cancer attempts to establish some estimate of its AGGRESSIVENESS OR LEVEL OF MALIGNANCY based on the cytologic differentiation of tumor cells and the number of mitoses within the tumor.

exudation of large amount of fibrinogen

the escape of fluid, proteins and blood cells from the vascular system into interstitial tissue or body

refers to an increase in size of an organ or tissue due to increase in the number of cells. CELL DIVISION

indicates the extent of lymph node involvement

MONSTROUS TUMORS” Tumor with normal tissue or organ components that are inappropriate to surrounding tissues May contain hair, teeth, bones and very rare eyeballs, torso and hands.

usually seen in skeletal muscle, heart, kidneys, endocrine glands due to increased work load

is based on the size of the primary lesion, its extent of spread to regional lymph nodes and the presence or absence of metastases.

composed of a series of physiologic and morphologic changes in the blood vessels, blood components and surrounding connective tissues for the purpose of protecting the body against injury

organ/tissues smaller than normal

indicates whether distant metastasis are present

persistent pressure on the organ or tissue may directly injure the cells or may secondarily promote diminution of blood supply

resulting from normal stimuli, hormonal such as hyperplasia of breast and uterus during pregnancy.

prolonged overwork, especially of an endocrine organ may produce initial enlargement with ultimate slow progressive loss of parenchymal cells

neoplasm penetrates into a ‘’natural field’’. Most often in the peritoneal cavity

Sexual organs and brain begin to atrophy at age

due to excessive lack of nutritional supply, may lead to wasting of tissues

due to edema fluid and connective tissue proliferation

low specific gravity

failure of an organ to reach its full, mature size

reversible change involving transformation in one type of adult cell to another

(due to lack of nutrition) occurs if the blood supply to an organ or tissue becomes reduced below critical level.

due to denervation of muscle, diminished blood supply

refers to a decrease in size of organ, usually as a consequence of disease

Persistence of the injuring agent for weeks/years

occurs in old age characterized by dry, lusterless, wrinkled skin due to atrophy of sweat and sebaceous glands. Atrophy of ligaments.

“heat”. Due to transfer of internal heat to the surface or site of injury, brought about by increased blood content

admixture of blood and other elements of exudate/bacterial infection and others

involves one of paired organs when the opposite organ has been removed.

due to decreased work load

creamy fluid composed of large number of PMNs and necrotic tissue debris

diminished or absent endocrine stimulation may produce functional atrophy

Greek work “NEO” means new. Pathologic over growth of the tissue.

tissue have abnormalities

failure of an organ to form an opening

stimulation of growth factors, excess hormonal stimulation, viral infection, nodular.

is the regressive alteration in adult cells manifested by variation in size, shape, and orientation. Usually reversible and do not lead to tumor formation - CHANGES IN STRUCTURE

inactivity or diminished function of a tissue or organ may lead to narrowing of blood vessels, with loss of nutrition atrophy occur

small accumulation of pus

“redness” Due to arteriolar and capillary dilatation with increased rate of blood flow towards the site of injury

Based on the size of the primary lesion, extent of spread to regional lymph nodes, presence or absence of metastasis

will produce death eventually, however small they may be and wherever they may be located. Invasive and destroys adjacent areas.

Represents and intergrade between acute and chronic

accumulation of serous fluid

a rapid response to an injurious agent that aims to rapidly bring mediators of inflammation. HALLMARK: increased neutrophils and macrophage

serum secretion from serosal mesothelial cells/certain PTB

reversible, refers to an acquired decrease in the size of a normally tissue or organ. REDUCTION IN CELL SIZE.

“diminished function”. Destruction of the functioning units of the tissue

Tumour implants continuous with the primary tumour MOST RELIABLE FEATURE OF MALIGNANCY

increase specific gravity, increased protein with infection

are those that do not produce death. Tumor is localized and doesn’t metastasize.

continuous abnormal proliferation of the cells without control (no purpose or function)

refers to an increase in size of tissues or organs due to increase in size. NO NEW CELLS