composed of a series of physiologic and morphologic changes in the blood vessels, blood components and surrounding connective tissues for the purpose of protecting the body against injury

Protective response of the tissues of the body to irritation or injury

“redness” Due to arteriolar and capillary dilatation with increased rate of blood flow towards the site of injury

“swelling”. Due to increased capillary permeability causing extravasation of blood fluid; recruitment of phagocytes

“heat”. Due to transfer of internal heat to the surface or site of injury, brought about by increased blood content

“pain”. Due to pressure upon the sensory nerve by the exudate/tumor

“diminished function”. Destruction of the functioning units of the tissue

a rapid response to an injurious agent that aims to rapidly bring mediators of inflammation. HALLMARK: increased neutrophils and macrophage

the escape of fluid, proteins and blood cells from the vascular system into interstitial tissue or body

increase specific gravity, increased protein with infection

low specific gravity

serum secretion from serosal mesothelial cells/certain PTB

exudation of large amount of fibrinogen

hypertension of the mucosa

admixture of blood and other elements of exudate/bacterial infection and others

pus/purulent exudate

accumulation of serous fluid

creamy fluid composed of large number of PMNs and necrotic tissue debris

large accumulation of Pus

small accumulation of pus

Represents and intergrade between acute and chronic

Persistence of the injuring agent for weeks/years

organ/tissues smaller than normal

organ/tissues larger than normal

tissue have abnormalities

incomplete/defective development of tissue/organ. NO RESEMBLANCE TO THE ADULT STRUCTURE

non-appearance of an organ

failure of an organ to reach its full, mature size

failure of an organ to form an opening

reversible, refers to an acquired decrease in the size of a normally tissue or organ. REDUCTION IN CELL SIZE.

due to decreased work load

due to denervation of muscle, diminished blood supply

occurs as a natural consequence of maturation, as in atrophy of the thymus and lymphoid tissue during puberty. Sexual organs and brain begin to atrophy at age 50.

Sexual organs and brain begin to atrophy at age

occurs in old age characterized by dry, lusterless, wrinkled skin due to atrophy of sweat and sebaceous glands. Atrophy of ligaments.

refers to a decrease in size of organ, usually as a consequence of disease

(due to lack of nutrition) occurs if the blood supply to an organ or tissue becomes reduced below critical level.

persistent pressure on the organ or tissue may directly injure the cells or may secondarily promote diminution of blood supply

due to excessive lack of nutritional supply, may lead to wasting of tissues

inactivity or diminished function of a tissue or organ may lead to narrowing of blood vessels, with loss of nutrition atrophy occur

prolonged overwork, especially of an endocrine organ may produce initial enlargement with ultimate slow progressive loss of parenchymal cells

diminished or absent endocrine stimulation may produce functional atrophy

refers to an increase in size of tissues or organs due to increase in size. NO NEW CELLS

refers to an increase in size of an organ or tissue due to increase in the number of cells. CELL DIVISION

usually seen in skeletal muscle, heart, kidneys, endocrine glands due to increased work load

due to edema fluid and connective tissue proliferation

involves one of paired organs when the opposite organ has been removed.

resulting from normal stimuli, hormonal such as hyperplasia of breast and uterus during pregnancy.

stimulation of growth factors, excess hormonal stimulation, viral infection, nodular.

reversible change involving transformation in one type of adult cell to another

is the regressive alteration in adult cells manifested by variation in size, shape, and orientation. Usually reversible and do not lead to tumor formation - CHANGES IN STRUCTURE

usually used as criterion toward malignancy- irreversible, more primitive cells d

continuous abnormal proliferation of the cells without control (no purpose or function)

Greek work “NEO” means new. Pathologic over growth of the tissue.

are those that do not produce death. Tumor is localized and doesn’t metastasize.

will produce death eventually, however small they may be and wherever they may be located. Invasive and destroys adjacent areas.

Tumour implants continuous with the primary tumour MOST RELIABLE FEATURE OF MALIGNANCY

neoplasm penetrates into a ‘’natural field’’. Most often in the peritoneal cavity

most common pathway for CARCINOMAS (Epithelial)

most common pathway for SARCOMAS (connective tissue)

Grading of cancer attempts to establish some estimate of its AGGRESSIVENESS OR LEVEL OF MALIGNANCY based on the cytologic differentiation of tumor cells and the number of mitoses within the tumor.

is based on the size of the primary lesion, its extent of spread to regional lymph nodes and the presence or absence of metastases.

Based on the size of the primary lesion, extent of spread to regional lymph nodes, presence or absence of metastasis

based upon the size of invasion

indicates the extent of lymph node involvement

indicates whether distant metastasis are present

MONSTROUS TUMORS” Tumor with normal tissue or organ components that are inappropriate to surrounding tissues May contain hair, teeth, bones and very rare eyeballs, torso and hands.