lesson 1 (cell injury, adaptation and inflammation and repair)

67問 • 2年前

問題一覧

composed of a series of physiologic and morphologic changes in the blood vessels, blood components and surrounding connective tissues for the purpose of protecting the body against injury

INFLAMMATION

Protective response of the tissues of the body to irritation or injury

INFLAMMATION

“redness” Due to arteriolar and capillary dilatation with increased rate of blood flow towards the site of injury

RUBOR

“swelling”. Due to increased capillary permeability causing extravasation of blood fluid; recruitment of phagocytes

TUMOR

“heat”. Due to transfer of internal heat to the surface or site of injury, brought about by increased blood content

CALOR

“pain”. Due to pressure upon the sensory nerve by the exudate/tumor

DOLOR

“diminished function”. Destruction of the functioning units of the tissue

FUNCTIO LAESA

a rapid response to an injurious agent that aims to rapidly bring mediators of inflammation. HALLMARK: increased neutrophils and macrophage

ACUTE INFLAMMATION (Exudative Inflammation)

the escape of fluid, proteins and blood cells from the vascular system into interstitial tissue or body

EXUDATION

increase specific gravity, increased protein with infection

EXUDATE

low specific gravity

TRANSUDATE

serum secretion from serosal mesothelial cells/certain PTB

SEROUS INFLAMMATION

exudation of large amount of fibrinogen

FIBRINOUS INFLAMMATION

hypertension of the mucosa

CATARRHAL INFLAMMATION

admixture of blood and other elements of exudate/bacterial infection and others

HEMORRHAGIC INFLAMMATION

pus/purulent exudate

SUPPURATIVE OR PURULENT INFLAMMATION

accumulation of serous fluid

EFFUSION

creamy fluid composed of large number of PMNs and necrotic tissue debris

PUS

large accumulation of Pus

ABSCESS

small accumulation of pus

PUSTULE

Represents and intergrade between acute and chronic

SUBCHRONIC INFLAMMATION

Persistence of the injuring agent for weeks/years

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

organ/tissues smaller than normal

RETROGRESSIVE CHANGES

organ/tissues larger than normal

PROGRESSIVE CHANGES

tissue have abnormalities

DEGENERATIVE CHANGES

incomplete/defective development of tissue/organ. NO RESEMBLANCE TO THE ADULT STRUCTURE

APLASIA

non-appearance of an organ

AGENESIA

failure of an organ to reach its full, mature size

HYPOPLASIA

failure of an organ to form an opening

ATRESIA

reversible, refers to an acquired decrease in the size of a normally tissue or organ. REDUCTION IN CELL SIZE.

ATROPHY

due to decreased work load

Physiologic

due to denervation of muscle, diminished blood supply

Pathologic

occurs as a natural consequence of maturation, as in atrophy of the thymus and lymphoid tissue during puberty. Sexual organs and brain begin to atrophy at age 50.

PHYSIOLOGIC ATROPHY

Sexual organs and brain begin to atrophy at age

occurs in old age characterized by dry, lusterless, wrinkled skin due to atrophy of sweat and sebaceous glands. Atrophy of ligaments.

Senile atrophy

refers to a decrease in size of organ, usually as a consequence of disease

PATHOLOGIC ATROPHY

(due to lack of nutrition) occurs if the blood supply to an organ or tissue becomes reduced below critical level.

Vascular atrophy

persistent pressure on the organ or tissue may directly injure the cells or may secondarily promote diminution of blood supply

Pressure atrophy

due to excessive lack of nutritional supply, may lead to wasting of tissues

Starvation or hunger atrophy

inactivity or diminished function of a tissue or organ may lead to narrowing of blood vessels, with loss of nutrition atrophy occur

Atrophy of disuse

prolonged overwork, especially of an endocrine organ may produce initial enlargement with ultimate slow progressive loss of parenchymal cells

Exhaustion atrophy

diminished or absent endocrine stimulation may produce functional atrophy

Endocrine atrophy

refers to an increase in size of tissues or organs due to increase in size. NO NEW CELLS

HYPERTROPHY

refers to an increase in size of an organ or tissue due to increase in the number of cells. CELL DIVISION

HYPERPLASIA

usually seen in skeletal muscle, heart, kidneys, endocrine glands due to increased work load

True hypertrophy

due to edema fluid and connective tissue proliferation

False hypertrophy

involves one of paired organs when the opposite organ has been removed.

Compensatory hypertrophy

resulting from normal stimuli, hormonal such as hyperplasia of breast and uterus during pregnancy.

Physiological hyperplasia

stimulation of growth factors, excess hormonal stimulation, viral infection, nodular.

Pathologic hyperplasia

reversible change involving transformation in one type of adult cell to another

METAPLASIA

is the regressive alteration in adult cells manifested by variation in size, shape, and orientation. Usually reversible and do not lead to tumor formation - CHANGES IN STRUCTURE

DYSPLASIA (atypical hyperplasia)

usually used as criterion toward malignancy- irreversible, more primitive cells d

ANAPLASIA (Undifferentiated cell)

continuous abnormal proliferation of the cells without control (no purpose or function)

NEOPLASIA (tumor)

Greek work “NEO” means new. Pathologic over growth of the tissue.

NEOPLASIA

are those that do not produce death. Tumor is localized and doesn’t metastasize.

BENIGN TUMORS

will produce death eventually, however small they may be and wherever they may be located. Invasive and destroys adjacent areas.

MALIGNANT TUMORS

Tumour implants continuous with the primary tumour MOST RELIABLE FEATURE OF MALIGNANCY

METASTASIS

neoplasm penetrates into a ‘’natural field’’. Most often in the peritoneal cavity

Seeding within body cavities

most common pathway for CARCINOMAS (Epithelial)

Lymphatic spread

most common pathway for SARCOMAS (connective tissue)

Hematogenous spread

Grading of cancer attempts to establish some estimate of its AGGRESSIVENESS OR LEVEL OF MALIGNANCY based on the cytologic differentiation of tumor cells and the number of mitoses within the tumor.

GRADING OF TUMORS

is based on the size of the primary lesion, its extent of spread to regional lymph nodes and the presence or absence of metastases.

STAGING

Based on the size of the primary lesion, extent of spread to regional lymph nodes, presence or absence of metastasis

TNM SYSTEM OF CANCER STAGING

based upon the size of invasion

‘’T’’ score

indicates the extent of lymph node involvement

‘’N’’ score

indicates whether distant metastasis are present

‘’M’’ score

MONSTROUS TUMORS” Tumor with normal tissue or organ components that are inappropriate to surrounding tissues May contain hair, teeth, bones and very rare eyeballs, torso and hands.

TETRATOMAS

HISTOPATH (lesson 1)

Kmyching · 56問 · 2年前

HISTOPATH (lesson 1)