BASIC STATISTIC

55問 • 2年前

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As a branch of mathematics that examines and investigates ways to process and analyse the data gathered. Provides procedure in data collection, presentation, organization and interpretation to have a meaningful idea that a meaningful idea that is useful to decision makers.

STATISTICS

is an important branch of statistics and it continues to be widely used, statical information usually arise from samples, and this means that is analysis for require generizations which go beyond the data Is the totality of methods and treatments employed in the correction descriptions and analysis of numerical data.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

is the logical process from sample analysis to a generalization or conclusion about a population.It is also called statical inference or inductive statistics.

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Consists of all the members of the group about which we want to draw a conclusion.

POPULATION

is a portion or part of the population of interest selected for analysis.

SAMPLE

is the numerical index describing a characteristic of a population.

PARAMETER

is a numerical index describing a characteristic of a sample

STATISTIC

are data that come from an original source, and are intended to answer specific research questions, can be taken by interview, mail in questionnaire, survey, or experimentation.

PRIMARY DATA

are data that are taken from previously recorded data, such as information in research conducted, industry financial statements, business periodicals ,and government reports.

SECONDARY DATA

SOURCE OF DATA

PRIMARY DATA, SECONDARY DATA

is a characteristics of objects, people or even events that does not vary

CONSTANT

is a characteristics of objects people or events that can take on different values. it can vary in quantity

VARIABLE

a variable that is conceptualized and analyzed as distinct categories, with no continuum implied.

QUALITATIVE VARIABLE

a variable that is conceptualized and analysed along a continuum implied.

QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE

TYPES OF DATA

QUALITATIVE VARIABLE, QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE

CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

EXPERIMENTAL CLASSIFICATION, MATHEMATICAL CLASSIFICATION

A researcher may classify variables according to the function they served in the experiment

EXPERIMENTAL CLASSIFICATION

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES, DEPENDENT VARIABLES

are variables controlled by the experiment/researcher, and expected to have an effect on the behaviour of the subjects. The independent variable is also called explanatory variable.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

is some measure of the behavior of subjects and expected to be influenced by the independent variable. The dependent variable is also called outcome variable.

DEPENDENT VARIABLE

MATHEMATICAL CLASSIFICATION

CONTINUOUS VARIABLE, DISCRETE VARIABLE

variables may be also classified in terms of mathematical values they may take on within a given interval.

MATHEMATICAL CLASSIFICATION

is a variable which can assume any an infinite number of values, and can be associated with points on a continuous line interval.

CONTINUOUS VARIABLE

is a variable which consist of either a finite number of values or countable number of values.

DISCRETE VARIABLE

It is the weakest form of measurement because no attempt can be made to account for difference within the particular category or to specify any ordering or direction across the various categories. Nominal data is a discrete variables

NOMINAL LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT

is a property of a set of categories such that an individual or object is included in only one category.

MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE

is a property of a set of categories such that each individual or object must appear in a category

COLLECTIVELY EXHAUSTIVE

NOMINAL LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT

MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE, COLLECTIVELY EXHAUSTIVE

is used in ranking. Ordinal scaling is still a weak form of measurement because no meaningful numerical statements can be made about differences between the categories.

ORDINAL LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT

is used to classify order and differentiate between classes or categories in terms of degrees of differences. Interval data are either discrete or continuous variable.

INTERVAL LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT

differs from interval measurement only in one aspect; it has a true zero point (complete absence of the attitude being measured).

RATIO LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT

is a group in a research study on which the results of the study are intended to apply.

SAMPLE

refers to the process of selecting these individuals

SAMPLING

is a process whose members had an equal chance of being selected from the population; it is also called probability sampling.

RANDOM SAMPLING

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING, SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING, STRATIFIED SAMPLING, CLUSTER SAMPLING

NON-RANDOM SAMPLING

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING, PURPOSIVE SAMPLING, QUOTA SAMPLING, SNOWBALL SAMPLING

is a process of selecting a sample size in the population via random numbers or through lottery.

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

is a process of selecting a K'th element in the population until the desired number of subjects or respondents are attained.

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

is a process of subdividing the population into subgroups or strata and drawing members at random from each subgroup or stratum

STRATIFIED SAMPLING

is a process of selecting clusters from a population which is very large or widely spread out over a wide geographical area.

CLUSTER SAMPLING

is a sampling procedure where a samples selected in a deliberate manner with little or no attention to randomization; it is also called the non- probability sampling.

NON-RANDOM SAMPLING

is a process of selecting based from judgment to select a sample which the researcher believed, based on prior information, will provide the data they need.... it is also called judgement sampling

PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

is applied when investigators survey collects information from an assigned number, or quota of individual from one of several sample units fulfilling certain prescribed criteria are belonging to one stratum.

QUOTA SAMPLING

is a process of selecting a group of individuals who (conveniently) are available for study.

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

is a technique in which one or more members of a population are located and used to lead the researchers to other members of the population.

SNOWBALL SAMPLING

METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA

DIRECT OR INTERVIEW METHOD, INDIRECT OR QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD, REGISTRATION METHOD, OBSERVATION METHOD, EXPERIMENT METHOD

METHOD OF PRESENTING DATA

TEXTUAL METHOD, TABULAR METHOD, GRAPHICAL METHOD

it is a face-to-face encounter between the interviewer and interviewee.

DIRECT OR INTERVIEW METHOD

unlike direct method, this method utilized questionnaire to obtain information.

INDIRECT OR QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD

this method of gathering information is governed by law

REGISTRATION METHOD

this method is used to data that are pertaining to behaviors of an individual or a group of individuals at the time of occurrence of a given situation are the best obtained by observation.

OBSERVATION METHOD

this is used to determine the cause and effect relationship of certain phenomena under controlled conditions.

EXPERIMENT METHOD

this method represents the collected data in narrative and paragraphs forms.

TEXTUAL METHOD

this method presents the collected data in table which are orderly arranged in rows and columns for an easier and more comprehensive comparison of figures.

TABULAR METHOD

this method presents the collected data in visual or pictorial form to get a clear view of data (e.g histogram, pie chart, pie chart. pareto chart, pictograph etc .)

GRAPHICAL METHOD

DEVIANT AND SOCIAL CONTROL

Marjorie Grana · 59問 · 2年前

DEVIANT AND SOCIAL CONTROL