As a branch of mathematics that examines and investigates ways to process and analyse the data gathered. Provides procedure in data collection, presentation, organization and interpretation to have a meaningful idea that a meaningful idea that is useful to decision makers.

is an important branch of statistics and it continues to be widely used, statical information usually arise from samples, and this means that is analysis for require generizations which go beyond the data Is the totality of methods and treatments employed in the correction descriptions and analysis of numerical data.

is the logical process from sample analysis to a generalization or conclusion about a population.It is also called statical inference or inductive statistics.

Consists of all the members of the group about which we want to draw a conclusion.

is a portion or part of the population of interest selected for analysis.

is the numerical index describing a characteristic of a population.

is a numerical index describing a characteristic of a sample

are data that come from an original source, and are intended to answer specific research questions, can be taken by interview, mail in questionnaire, survey, or experimentation.

are data that are taken from previously recorded data, such as information in research conducted, industry financial statements, business periodicals ,and government reports.

SOURCE OF DATA

is a characteristics of objects, people or even events that does not vary

is a characteristics of objects people or events that can take on different values. it can vary in quantity

a variable that is conceptualized and analyzed as distinct categories, with no continuum implied.

a variable that is conceptualized and analysed along a continuum implied.

TYPES OF DATA

CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

A researcher may classify variables according to the function they served in the experiment

EXPERIMENTAL CLASSIFICATION

are variables controlled by the experiment/researcher, and expected to have an effect on the behaviour of the subjects. The independent variable is also called explanatory variable.

is some measure of the behavior of subjects and expected to be influenced by the independent variable. The dependent variable is also called outcome variable.

MATHEMATICAL CLASSIFICATION

variables may be also classified in terms of mathematical values they may take on within a given interval.

is a variable which can assume any an infinite number of values, and can be associated with points on a continuous line interval.

is a variable which consist of either a finite number of values or countable number of values.

It is the weakest form of measurement because no attempt can be made to account for difference within the particular category or to specify any ordering or direction across the various categories. Nominal data is a discrete variables

is a property of a set of categories such that an individual or object is included in only one category.

is a property of a set of categories such that each individual or object must appear in a category

NOMINAL LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT

is used in ranking. Ordinal scaling is still a weak form of measurement because no meaningful numerical statements can be made about differences between the categories.

is used to classify order and differentiate between classes or categories in terms of degrees of differences. Interval data are either discrete or continuous variable.

differs from interval measurement only in one aspect; it has a true zero point (complete absence of the attitude being measured).

is a group in a research study on which the results of the study are intended to apply.

refers to the process of selecting these individuals

is a process whose members had an equal chance of being selected from the population; it is also called probability sampling.

RANDOM SAMPLING

NON-RANDOM SAMPLING

is a process of selecting a sample size in the population via random numbers or through lottery.

is a process of selecting a K'th element in the population until the desired number of subjects or respondents are attained.

is a process of subdividing the population into subgroups or strata and drawing members at random from each subgroup or stratum

is a process of selecting clusters from a population which is very large or widely spread out over a wide geographical area.

is a sampling procedure where a samples selected in a deliberate manner with little or no attention to randomization; it is also called the non- probability sampling.

is a process of selecting based from judgment to select a sample which the researcher believed, based on prior information, will provide the data they need.... it is also called judgement sampling

is applied when investigators survey collects information from an assigned number, or quota of individual from one of several sample units fulfilling certain prescribed criteria are belonging to one stratum.

is a process of selecting a group of individuals who (conveniently) are available for study.

is a technique in which one or more members of a population are located and used to lead the researchers to other members of the population.

METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA

METHOD OF PRESENTING DATA

it is a face-to-face encounter between the interviewer and interviewee.

unlike direct method, this method utilized questionnaire to obtain information.

this method of gathering information is governed by law

this method is used to data that are pertaining to behaviors of an individual or a group of individuals at the time of occurrence of a given situation are the best obtained by observation.

this is used to determine the cause and effect relationship of certain phenomena under controlled conditions.

this method represents the collected data in narrative and paragraphs forms.

this method presents the collected data in table which are orderly arranged in rows and columns for an easier and more comprehensive comparison of figures.

this method presents the collected data in visual or pictorial form to get a clear view of data (e.g histogram, pie chart, pie chart. pareto chart, pictograph etc .)