In the early years of aircraft development all propellers were made of

are the predominant material used in the construction of both fixed- and adjustable-pitch propellers.

are now being utilized because of their light weight and flexibility.

was the most reliable material for fabrication of propellers for many years.

is more desirable than wood because it allows thinner, more efficient airfoils to be constructed without sacrificing structural strength.

propellers and blades are found primarily on antique and older generation transport aircraft.

propeller blades are slowly gaining in popularity.

permit the aircraft operator to change the propeller blade angle.

are constructed in a way that allows the blade angle to be changed when the aircraft is on the ground and the engine is shut down

also called tilt sensor, clinometers or slope sensors, are designed to measure the angle of an object with respect to the force of gravity.

have an advantage over ground adjustable propellers in that the blade angle may be changed while the propeller is rotating.

One of the first controllable-pitch propellers that became popular was the Hamilton-Standard counterweight propeller.

One of the first controllable-pitch propellers that became popular was the

At the center of the Hamilton-Standard two-position propeller hub is the

As technology advanced, the two-position propeller was improved to allow the operator to select any blade angle between the high and low pitch stops.

often called a variable-pitch or controllable-pitch propeller, is the most common type of adjustable-pitch propeller used on aircraft today.

is typically mounted either on the front of an engine near the propeller shaft or on the engine accessory case

operate at high rotational speeds, all turboprop designs must incorporate a reduction gear assembly that can convert the engine's high speed, low torque rotational speed to a more usable low speed and high torque.

assembly that can convert the engine's high speed, low torque rotational speed to a more usable low speed and high torque.

The combination of a turboprop engine's reduction gear assembly and propeller is often referred to as the

 the power section is driven directly by an (blank blank) through a fixed shaft.

In the other application, the power section is driven by a sepa­rate (blank or blank) that is not mechanically connected to the gas generator portion of the engine.

is essentially a vari­able pitch, constant-speed propeller that is capable of operating with the propeller blades rotated beyond the normal low pitch limits.

on a turboprop engine works in conjunction with the propeller governor to control the propeller blade angle.

are installed in aircraft to improve propeller performance and enhance the aircraft's all-weather capabilities.

Anytime multiple engines and propellers are installed on an aircraft, the potential for excessive vibration and noise exists.

Prevents the formation of ice whereas

Removes ice after it has accumulated.

consists of a con­trol unit, a tank that holds a quantity of anti-icing fluid, a pump to deliver the fluid to the propeller, and nozzles.

which is adjusted to control the pump output.

is designed with a deliv­ery tube for each propeller blade and is mounted on the rear of the propeller assembly.

consists of a power source, power relay, resistance heating elements, system controls, and a timer or cycling unit.

are mounted on the engine case just behind the propeller while the Slip Rings are mounted on the back of the propeller hub assembly.

devices were first developed in the early 1920s by the B.F. Goodrich Corporation to remove the accumulation of ice on aircraft wings.

Deicing Boot devices were first developed in the early 1920s by the (blank) to remove the accumulation of ice on aircraft wings.

Propellers which allow changes in blade angle have removable blades that are secured to a hub assembly by a set of

has a flanged butt, or shoulder, which mates with grooves in the hub assembly.

is an airfoil-shaped attachment made of thin sheets of metal, plastic, or composite material.

can best be described as the force which tries to pull the blades out of the hub.

on the other hand, attempts to bend the propeller blades forward at the tips.

occur as air resistance opposes the rotational motion of the propeller blades.

results from the fact that, when a propeller blade produces thrust, the majority of the thrust produced is exerted ahead of the blade's axis of rotation.

opposes aerodynamic twisting force in that it attempts to decrease a propeller's blade angle.

is the theoretical distance a propeller advances longitudinally in one revolution.

are mounted on the front of an engine and pull an aircraft through the air.

are mounted on the aft end of an aircraft and push an airplane through the air.