• from the Greek words mikros (“small”), bios (“life”), and logia or logos (“study of”) • study of organisms that are so small they cannot be seen with the naked eye • called microorganisms or microbes

• may either be prokaryotes (bacteria, cyanobacteria, and archeans) • eukaryotes (fungi, protozoa, and algae)

which includes viruses

study of bacteria

the study of viruses

the study of fungi

the study of protozoa and parasitic worms

study of algae

the study of the immune system and the immune response.

• Microbiology has an impact in the daily lives of humans. • Microorganisms are everywhere—in the air one breathes, in the environment, and even in one’s body. • About a thousand or more organisms inhabit the human body • collectively called normal ____ or indigenous ____ • only produce disease in persons with compromised immune systems

• are important sources of antimicrobial agents • example, penicillin was derived from the fungus Penicillium.

Some microorganisms act as _______ or decomposers of waste products and dead organisms • essential in maintaining a balanced ecosystem.

3180 BC, an epidemic known as the ______ broke out in Egypt

1122 BC, an outbreak of a _____ like disease that originated in China spread worldwide.

• the MICROSCOPE WAS DISCOVERED • __________ was able to discover the cell-the BASIC UNIT OF LIVING ORGANISM. With the use of the microscope • His discovery heralded the cell theory that stated LIVING ORGANISMS ARE MARE UP OF CELL

• a DUTCH MERCHANT • created a SINGLE LENSE MICROSCOPE that he used to make observations of microorganisms which he then called ANIMALCULES. • Through his observations, he became known as the “FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY” • was the one who first provided ACURATE descriptions of BACTERIA, PROTOZOA, and FUNGI

• GERM THEORY OF DISEASE • He postulated that microorganisms were in the environment and could cause INFECTIOUS DISEASES. • He also developed the process of PASTEURIZATION • Kills microorganisms in different types of liquids, and which became the basis for ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES. • He also introduced the terms AEROBES and ANAEROBES • developed the FERMENTATION PROCESS

• prove that microorganisms caused certain diseases through a series of scientific steps which led to his formulation of the KOCH’s POSTULATES / TB. • This led to an increased effort by other

• Golden Age of Microbiology • numerous scientists have made significant contributions to the field of Microbiology

• discovered the VACCINE FOR SMALLPOX

• APPLIED the theory to medical procedures paving the way for the development of ASEPTIC SURGERY • After World War II, ANTIBIOTICS were introduced to the medical world

• discovered SALVARSAN for the treatment of SYPHILIS. • heralded the “MAGIC BULLET” of CHEMOTHERAPY • which is treatment of disease by using CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

• discovered the ANTIBIOTIC PENICILLIN from the MOLD PENICILLIUM NOTATUM. • With the discovery of antibiotics • incidence of infectious diseases like tuberculosis, pneumonia, meningitis, and others was significantly REDUCED. • Most of the experiments conducted in the field of microbiology during the early 20TH century involved the study of BACTERIA. • During this time scientists were NOT YET EQUIPED with advanced technology in their study of microorganisms.

• ELECTRON MICROSCOPE was developed • experimentations in microbiology became MORE COMPLEX. • viral culture was introduced paving the way for rapid discoveries on VIRUSES. • The vast knowledge gained from the experiments performed by microbiologists together with the discovery of other vaccines in the 1940s and 1950s have led to BETTER PREVENTION AND CONTROL of numerous potentially FATAL INFECTIOUS DISEASE