Greek speculation about "nature" known as "pre-Socratic" or "non- theological" or "first philosophy"

Three characteristics of intellectual revolution philosophy

He introduced the geocentric model in the 6th century.

Described the absolute perception of the universe with the Earth as its center which was thought to be true by most of the people at that time.

A polish mathematician and astronomer, challenged the Ptolemaic model. He introduced the concept of heliocentrism

The center of the Solar System was not the Earth but actually the sun.

Astronomers realized that the __ simplified the orbits for planets.

It also answered issues that could not be explained by geocentric model. Other works that supported this model started to emerge as well.

It was eventually accepted by the people in a period which was called the birth of modern astronomy.

This era began what was known as the scientific revolution which resulted in the transformation of society's thoughts and beliefs.

Considered to be one of the most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time.

In __, __, an English naturalist, biologist, and geologist, published his book, __.

In this book "On the Origin of Species", Darwin introduced the __.

Posited that populations pass through a process of natural selection in which only the fittest would survive.

Organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment and would gradually change into something that would be more competitive to survive, a process known as evolution.

Became very controversial.

People perceived it to be contradictory to the church's teachings that the source of life is a powerful creator.

The theory emerged at a time when most of the population believed and accepted the biblical version of the Earth's creation.

Because of this conflict, the people were divided. some believed that the theory explained the origin of life, but the religious and the faithful strongly refuted it.

It sparked a massive debate between science and religion.

It was only after some time that people came to understand that Darwin's theory of evolution was not in fact against the teachings of the church and both can coexist.

Proposed natural selection organisms survived due to random genetic mutations leading to the preservation of their descendants.

-"the better adapted a species is, the more fitted it is to reproduce"

In the past, the field of psychology was always classified under __. __ was considered more of an art rather than a science.

In the late 19th century, __, an Austrian neurologist, was able to change people's perception of psychology with his revolutionary __.

Many believed that his theory had no scientific basis as no empirical or experimental data could support it

Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche posits three Interacting systerms:

The dynamic interplay and conflicts among these entities shape an Individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

It is required among the components for optimal functioning.

Contains innate biological instincts and desires.

Internalizes societal rules and morals.

Mediates between the demands of the id, the superego, and reality.

It is a period where human shifts more on scientific beliefs.

They are some of the intellectual revolutionists.

These are some of the theories that replaced the old and unscientific knowledge of society.