問題一覧
1
Where are the 4 taste buds located on the tongue?
Bitter - back middle Sour - back both sides Salty - middle both sides Sweet & sour - front middle
2
Name the final 2 sections of the large intestine.
Sigmoid colon and rectum
3
As food arrives at the oesophagus from the pharynx, how is it allowed to enter?
The muscles relax to allow food to enter.
4
The liver produces biles and secretes it into the small intestine. What does bile contain and what does it help to do?
Lecithin and helps to break down fats into smaller particles, which allows the digestive enzymes to break down fats more effectively.
5
From the stomach, the chyme enters through to the small intestine - what must it go through that is located at the base of the stomach in order to arrive at the beginning of the small intestine?
Plyoric sphincter
6
Once the mechanical and chemical reactions have taken place in the stomach, what is the now semi-liquid mass called?
Chyme
7
From mouth to anus - around how many hours would have taken place on average?
8 - 72 hours
8
Why does eating fibrous whole foods aid in releiving constipaton?
Contain high fibre
9
Where is the stomach located?
Below the left nipple and ends below the right hand side of the rib cage.
10
What are one of the functions of the large intestine as contents enter?
Remove water from the contents
11
What is at the bottom of the lower oesophagus?
Sphincter
12
Once the brain receives the message that there is a stool ready for evactuation, if it is a good time to release it, how is it released?
Sphincter in anal canal relaxes
13
What is the purpose of the pepsin enzyme?
Breaks protein into amino acids.
14
What does IBS stand for?
Irritable bowel syndrome
15
As the chyme persits forward, the chyme arrives into the second section of the small intestine - the jejunum - where the remaining what 2 things will be absorbed?
Glucose, Some vitamins
16
Once food has exited the oesophagus, what is it’s final role?
Sphincter closes upon completion.
17
How does food move through the oesophagus?
Peristalsis of the muscles occur.
18
What is the name of the second section in which digestion occurs in the small intestine?
Jejunum
19
How many major salivary glands does the human body have?
3
20
What is the purpose of the leptin hormone?
Signals satiety to the brain 20 minutes after eating.
21
What to microbes feast on in the large intestine and what is the name of this process?
Fibres and sugars. This process is bacteria fermentation.
22
There are two governeing muscles in the anal canal - internal and external. True or false?
True
23
Select the 3 major salivary glands.
Parotid, sublingual & submandibular
24
How long does it take for leptin to communicate the brain that it is satisfied from food consumption and it is time to stop eating?
20 minutes
25
What does the sigmoid colon do as stool arrives into it?
Contracts
26
What is another by-product of the fermentation process taking place in the large intestine?
Gas
27
A mixture of which 5 substances enters the cecum Ileum?
Water, Some minerals, Any undigested food, Fibre, Sugars
28
What are the walls of the large intestine lined with?
Mucous
29
As food arrives in the stomach, what are the 2 reactions that occur?
Mechanical and chemical reactions
30
In order, select the sections of the large intestine it is made up of.
Cecum, Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Descending colon, Sigmoid colon, Rectum
31
What is the greatest ecosystem of the body called and where is it located?
Microbiome located throughout the large intestine
32
What is the “hungry” digestive enzyme called?
Ghrelin
33
What is the name of the third section in which digestion occurs in the small intestine?
Ileum
34
Name 3 & 4 of sections of the large intestine.
Transverse colon and descending colon
35
What is the purpose of the saliva releasing the enzyme lingual lipase?
Lingual lipase begins the process of breaking down fats.
36
On average, what is the length of the small intestine?
3 - 7 metres
37
The activity of bacterial fermentation creates biotin, a B group vitamin that is involved in what?
Breaking down of proteins, Synthesis of fats, Synthesis of carbohydrates
38
Starting in the duodenum, the first stage of the small intestine, chyme will be broken down further by a combination of movemenns performed by peristalsis, and what other 3 things?
Mucous, Bile from the liver, Enzymes from the pancreas
39
What is the “i’m full” digestive enzyme called?
Leptin
40
What does SIBO stand for?
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
41
What is the name of the B group vitamin that is involved in the breaking down of proteins and the synthesis of fats and carbohydrates?
Biotin
42
What is the job of microbes?
Feas of incoming contents
43
A deficiency in what two also contriute to constipation?
Digestive enzymes , Magnesium
44
As stool arrives into the rectum, what is its next step?
Sends a message to the brain of the substance for evacuation
45
How does the stomach accommodate additional food eaten over time?
By expanding
46
The mechanical reaction in the stomach is one of muscular stretching and contracting in a rhythmic, rocking motion which serves as what purpose?
Breaks down food particles into a liquefied form.
47
During sleep, which sphincter contracts to hold in the contents from escaping?
Internal sphincter
48
When the chyme has moved through all stages of the small intestine, the stomach and small intestine start the cleanup process. This is when we hear growling and rumbling noises that are not hungry rumbles. What is the name of this process?
Migrating motor complex (MMC)
49
As the left over chyme enters the large intestine, through the next ______ will it encounter the greatest eco system of the body, called the microbiome? Fill in the gap.
1 to 1/2 metres
50
Not only does bacterial fermentation create an acidic environment, but it also creates what?
Its own energy source and produces vitamin K. , Biotin, a B group vitamin.
51
What does IBD and SIBO result in?
Continual constipation
52
The chemical reaction activates the release of hydrochloric acid and enzymes, which break down food at the same time. What are the enzymes that are released when this occurs?
Pepsin and lipase
53
In the wonderland of the large intestine, what makes a feast of food fibres and sugars to produce short-chain fatty acids?
Microbiome (bactera)
54
How big is the stomach?
One big fist.
55
One of the functions of the large intestine is to remove water from the contents that have just entered - does this happen immediately?
No - the large intestine works at a much slower pace than the small intestine.
56
What is the by-product - gas - a combination of?
Methane, Hydrogen sulfide, Carbon dioxide , A few other gasses
57
After the rectum, where does the stool exit?
Anus
58
What is the purpose of the Pharynx?
Acts as a passageway for food and drink to pass through from the mouth into the oesophagus.
59
The gallbladder, positioned underneath the liver, does what?
Stores any excess bile from the small intestine, which can be used again.
60
How do we receive taste from food?
via taste buds which then send the information of taste to the nerves inside the tongue. This information is then immediately transported to the brain.
61
What is the large intestine securely wrapped around?
Small intestine
62
Once the stool arrives into the sigmoid colon, it contracts to push the stool where?
Into the rectum
63
What does the pancreas also secrete that is a highly alkaline substance and aids in the nuetralisation of the hydrochloric acid from the stomac.
Sodium Bicarbonate
64
What is the name of the first section in which digestion occurs in the small intestine?
Duodenum
65
Name the 2 first sections of the large intestine.
Cecum and ascending colon
66
As food arrives at the first stage of of the small intestine, namely the duodenum, the pancreas secretes what 3 enzymes?
Amylase, Lipase, Proteases
67
Where in the world are increasing numbers of people suffering from conditionns such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), or numerous bowel conditions resulting in constipation?
Western world
68
The walls of the large intestine are lined with mucous - for what purpose?
Acts as a protective to prevent harmful bacteria from being reabsorbed into the body
69
The digestive enzymes amylase, lipase and proteases are secreted from the pancreas and into the dueodenum of the small intestine to break down what 3 further?
Proteins, Fats, Carbohydrates
70
What is the purpose of the mechanical and chemical reactions occuring in the stomach?
To break down particles of the food into a liquid form by stretching and contrracting thus churning the food.
71
What is the Pharynx made up of?
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Hypopharynx
72
What is the purpose of blood capillaries and cells, and villi itself?
They transport different types of nutrients into the bloodstream.
73
If a persons gall bladder has been removed, what change in supply can have a significant impact on constipation?
Bile supplu
74
Medical science advises how long is considered normal for the process of mouth to anus?
12 - 42 hours
75
As the chyme passes through the jejunum and through to the third section of the small intestine - the ileum - the majority of nutrients have been absorbed, what remains such as ____, _____ and _____ will be absorbed before the liquid moves onto the large intestine?
Amino acids, Fats, Fat-soluabe vitamins
76
For fats to be correctly digested, what substance do they require and what organ produces this substance and secretes it into the small intestine (namely the duodenum)?
Bile from the liver.
77
The process of bacterial fermentation does cause an acidic environent, so how is this re-balanced?
The colon naturally counteracts that for itself by producing alkaline solutions to reduce acidity and balance the pH.
78
What is the purpose of the saliva releasing the enzyme amylase?
First enzyme released to begin the conversion of carbohydrates into simple sugars.
79
During the cleanup process of the stomach and small intestine (MMC), the MMC will perform peristalsis in order to what?
Sweep residual materiials left undigested along the digestive tract.
80
In the large intestine, microbiome make a feast of food fibres and sugars to produce what?
Short-chain fatty acids
81
What is the purpose of the Oesophagus?
The oesophagus acts as a passageway to transport food through to the stomach.
82
As chyme moves through the plyoric sphincer located at the base of the stomach on its way to the small intestine, how does the sphincter react?
It opens to allow the chyme through to the small intestine bit by bit before closin upon completion.
83
Physical symptoms of IBS and SIBO put pressure on the digestive system and liver, the overall effects of this have a signifcant impact on a person in what two ways?
Emotionally and psychologically
84
As microbiome feast on fibres and sugars in the large intestine, this process causes what sort of environment?
An acidic environment
85
Define rugae.
Folds of tissue.
86
Which sphincter is thick and strong and wraps around the internal sphincter and is the one you allow to relax when it is a good time to release a stool?
External sphincter
87
What does HCI in the periodic table stand for?
Hydrochloric Acid
88
If you increase water intake, it helps to relieve constipation - true or false?
True
89
What are the two enzymes released in the mouth when chewing food?
Amylase and lingual lipase
90
As the contents or chyme pass through the cecum, what is added into the mix in perisatalsis motions?
Beneficial bacteria
91
In the duodenum, the first stage of the small intestine, not only is it broken down by a combination of movements and substances, but it is here that what will be absorbed?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Minerals
92
Select 7 organs in which digestion relates to.
Mouth, Oeseophagus, Stomach, Small intestine , Large intestine , Pharynx, Rectum
93
What causes constipation?
Stool becomes hard due to the amount of liquid having been extracted back into the body from sitting around. , Dehydration
94
Mix ______ with lots of water and drink if you are constipated as it acts as a fibrous broom. Fill in the blank.
Psyllium
95
What are the scenarios of how stress hormones impact the body and resulting in constipation?
Inflammed colon, Allergic reactions to food
96
What is the purpose of lipase?
Splits fats into fatty acids.
97
What are the 3 parts called that make up the small intestine?
Duodenum, Jejunum , Ileum
98
What do villi contain?
Blood capillaries and cells
99
If you looked inside the small intestine, you would see it is lined with millons of microscopic, finger-like structures called ____?
Villi
100
Where is vitamin K naturally produced by the body and is the only place in whole body do produce it?
Large intestine