問題一覧
1
Where are the 4 taste buds located on the tongue?
Bitter - back middle Sour - back both sides Salty - middle both sides Sweet & sour - front middle
2
How do we receive taste from food?
via taste buds which then send the information of taste to the nerves inside the tongue. This information is then immediately transported to the brain.
3
How many major salivary glands does the human body have?
3
4
Select the 3 major salivary glands.
Parotid, sublingual & submandibular
5
What are the two enzymes released in the mouth when chewing food?
Amylase and lingual lipase
6
What is the purpose of the saliva releasing the enzyme amylase?
First enzyme released to begin the conversion of carbohydrates into simple sugars.
7
What is the purpose of the saliva releasing the enzyme lingual lipase?
Lingual lipase begins the process of breaking down fats.
8
Select 7 organs in which digestion relates to.
Mouth, Oeseophagus, Stomach, Small intestine , Large intestine , Pharynx, Rectum
9
What is the purpose of the Pharynx?
Acts as a passageway for food and drink to pass through from the mouth into the oesophagus.
10
What is the Pharynx made up of?
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Hypopharynx
11
What is the purpose of the Oesophagus?
The oesophagus acts as a passageway to transport food through to the stomach.
12
How does food move through the oesophagus?
Peristalsis of the muscles occur.
13
What is at the bottom of the lower oesophagus?
Sphincter
14
As food arrives at the oesophagus from the pharynx, how is it allowed to enter?
The muscles relax to allow food to enter.
15
Once food has exited the oesophagus, what is it’s final role?
Sphincter closes upon completion.
16
As food arrives in the stomach, what are the 2 reactions that occur?
Mechanical and chemical reactions
17
What is the purpose of the mechanical and chemical reactions occuring in the stomach?
To break down particles of the food into a liquid form by stretching and contrracting thus churning the food.
18
How big is the stomach?
One big fist.
19
Where is the stomach located?
Below the left nipple and ends below the right hand side of the rib cage.
20
Define rugae.
Folds of tissue.
21
How does the stomach accommodate additional food eaten over time?
By expanding
22
What is the “hungry” digestive enzyme called?
Ghrelin
23
What is the “i’m full” digestive enzyme called?
Leptin
24
How long does it take for leptin to communicate the brain that it is satisfied from food consumption and it is time to stop eating?
20 minutes
25
The mechanical reaction in the stomach is one of muscular stretching and contracting in a rhythmic, rocking motion which serves as what purpose?
Breaks down food particles into a liquefied form.
26
The chemical reaction activates the release of hydrochloric acid and enzymes, which break down food at the same time. What are the enzymes that are released when this occurs?
Pepsin and lipase
27
What is the purpose of the pepsin enzyme?
Breaks protein into amino acids.
28
What does HCI in the periodic table stand for?
Hydrochloric Acid
29
Once the mechanical and chemical reactions have taken place in the stomach, what is the now semi-liquid mass called?
Chyme
30
What is the purpose of the leptin hormone?
Signals satiety to the brain 20 minutes after eating.
31
From the stomach, the chyme enters through to the small intestine - what must it go through that is located at the base of the stomach in order to arrive at the beginning of the small intestine?
Plyoric sphincter
32
As chyme moves through the plyoric sphincer located at the base of the stomach on its way to the small intestine, how does the sphincter react?
It opens to allow the chyme through to the small intestine bit by bit before closin upon completion.
33
What are the 3 parts called that make up the small intestine?
Duodenum, Jejunum , Ileum
34
On average, what is the length of the small intestine?
3 - 7 metres
35
If you looked inside the small intestine, you would see it is lined with millons of microscopic, finger-like structures called ____?
Villi
36
What do villi contain?
Blood capillaries and cells
37
What is the purpose of blood capillaries and cells, and villi itself?
They transport different types of nutrients into the bloodstream.
38
What is the name of the first section in which digestion occurs in the small intestine?
Duodenum
39
What is the name of the second section in which digestion occurs in the small intestine?
Jejunum
40
What is the name of the third section in which digestion occurs in the small intestine?
Ileum
41
Starting in the duodenum, the first stage of the small intestine, chyme will be broken down further by a combination of movemenns performed by peristalsis, and what other 3 things?
Mucous, Bile from the liver, Enzymes from the pancreas
42
In the duodenum, the first stage of the small intestine, not only is it broken down by a combination of movements and substances, but it is here that what will be absorbed?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Minerals
43
As the chyme persits forward, the chyme arrives into the second section of the small intestine - the jejunum - where the remaining what 2 things will be absorbed?
Glucose, Some vitamins
44
As the chyme passes through the jejunum and through to the third section of the small intestine - the ileum - the majority of nutrients have been absorbed, what remains such as ____, _____ and _____ will be absorbed before the liquid moves onto the large intestine?
Amino acids, Fats, Fat-soluabe vitamins
45
When the chyme has moved through all stages of the small intestine, the stomach and small intestine start the cleanup process. This is when we hear growling and rumbling noises that are not hungry rumbles. What is the name of this process?
Migrating motor complex (MMC)
46
During the cleanup process of the stomach and small intestine (MMC), the MMC will perform peristalsis in order to what?
Sweep residual materiials left undigested along the digestive tract.
47
For fats to be correctly digested, what substance do they require and what organ produces this substance and secretes it into the small intestine (namely the duodenum)?
Bile from the liver.
48
The liver produces biles and secretes it into the small intestine. What does bile contain and what does it help to do?
Lecithin and helps to break down fats into smaller particles, which allows the digestive enzymes to break down fats more effectively.
49
What is the purpose of lipase?
Splits fats into fatty acids.
50
The gallbladder, positioned underneath the liver, does what?
Stores any excess bile from the small intestine, which can be used again.
51
As food arrives at the first stage of of the small intestine, namely the duodenum, the pancreas secretes what 3 enzymes?
Amylase, Lipase, Proteases
52
The digestive enzymes amylase, lipase and proteases are secreted from the pancreas and into the dueodenum of the small intestine to break down what 3 further?
Proteins, Fats, Carbohydrates
53
What does the pancreas also secrete that is a highly alkaline substance and aids in the nuetralisation of the hydrochloric acid from the stomac.
Sodium Bicarbonate
54
A mixture of which 5 substances enters the cecum Ileum?
Water, Some minerals, Any undigested food, Fibre, Sugars
55
As the left over chyme enters the large intestine, through the next ______ will it encounter the greatest eco system of the body, called the microbiome? Fill in the gap.
1 to 1/2 metres
56
What is the greatest ecosystem of the body called and where is it located?
Microbiome located throughout the large intestine
57
What is the job of microbes?
Feas of incoming contents
58
In order, select the sections of the large intestine it is made up of.
Cecum, Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Descending colon, Sigmoid colon, Rectum
59
What is the large intestine securely wrapped around?
Small intestine
60
What are one of the functions of the large intestine as contents enter?
Remove water from the contents
61
One of the functions of the large intestine is to remove water from the contents that have just entered - does this happen immediately?
No - the large intestine works at a much slower pace than the small intestine.
62
What are the walls of the large intestine lined with?
Mucous
63
The walls of the large intestine are lined with mucous - for what purpose?
Acts as a protective to prevent harmful bacteria from being reabsorbed into the body
64
As the contents or chyme pass through the cecum, what is added into the mix in perisatalsis motions?
Beneficial bacteria
65
In the wonderland of the large intestine, what makes a feast of food fibres and sugars to produce short-chain fatty acids?
Microbiome (bactera)
66
What to microbes feast on in the large intestine and what is the name of this process?
Fibres and sugars. This process is bacteria fermentation.
67
In the large intestine, microbiome make a feast of food fibres and sugars to produce what?
Short-chain fatty acids
68
As microbiome feast on fibres and sugars in the large intestine, this process causes what sort of environment?
An acidic environment
69
The process of bacterial fermentation does cause an acidic environent, so how is this re-balanced?
The colon naturally counteracts that for itself by producing alkaline solutions to reduce acidity and balance the pH.
70
Not only does bacterial fermentation create an acidic environment, but it also creates what?
Its own energy source and produces vitamin K. , Biotin, a B group vitamin.
71
Where is vitamin K naturally produced by the body and is the only place in whole body do produce it?
Large intestine
72
The activity of bacterial fermentation creates biotin, a B group vitamin that is involved in what?
Breaking down of proteins, Synthesis of fats, Synthesis of carbohydrates
73
What is the name of the B group vitamin that is involved in the breaking down of proteins and the synthesis of fats and carbohydrates?
Biotin
74
What is another by-product of the fermentation process taking place in the large intestine?
Gas
75
What is the by-product - gas - a combination of?
Methane, Hydrogen sulfide, Carbon dioxide , A few other gasses
76
Once the stool arrives into the sigmoid colon, it contracts to push the stool where?
Into the rectum
77
Name the 2 first sections of the large intestine.
Cecum and ascending colon
78
Name 3 & 4 of sections of the large intestine.
Transverse colon and descending colon
79
Name the final 2 sections of the large intestine.
Sigmoid colon and rectum
80
After the rectum, where does the stool exit?
Anus
81
What does the sigmoid colon do as stool arrives into it?
Contracts
82
As stool arrives into the rectum, what is its next step?
Sends a message to the brain of the substance for evacuation
83
Once the brain receives the message that there is a stool ready for evactuation, if it is a good time to release it, how is it released?
Sphincter in anal canal relaxes
84
There are two governeing muscles in the anal canal - internal and external. True or false?
True
85
During sleep, which sphincter contracts to hold in the contents from escaping?
Internal sphincter
86
Which sphincter is thick and strong and wraps around the internal sphincter and is the one you allow to relax when it is a good time to release a stool?
External sphincter
87
From mouth to anus - around how many hours would have taken place on average?
8 - 72 hours
88
Medical science advises how long is considered normal for the process of mouth to anus?
12 - 42 hours
89
Where in the world are increasing numbers of people suffering from conditionns such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), or numerous bowel conditions resulting in constipation?
Western world
90
What does IBS stand for?
Irritable bowel syndrome
91
What does SIBO stand for?
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
92
What does IBD and SIBO result in?
Continual constipation
93
Physical symptoms of IBS and SIBO put pressure on the digestive system and liver, the overall effects of this have a signifcant impact on a person in what two ways?
Emotionally and psychologically
94
What causes constipation?
Stool becomes hard due to the amount of liquid having been extracted back into the body from sitting around. , Dehydration
95
A deficiency in what two also contriute to constipation?
Digestive enzymes , Magnesium
96
If a persons gall bladder has been removed, what change in supply can have a significant impact on constipation?
Bile supplu
97
What are the scenarios of how stress hormones impact the body and resulting in constipation?
Inflammed colon, Allergic reactions to food
98
Why does eating fibrous whole foods aid in releiving constipaton?
Contain high fibre
99
Mix ______ with lots of water and drink if you are constipated as it acts as a fibrous broom. Fill in the blank.
Psyllium
100
If you increase water intake, it helps to relieve constipation - true or false?
True