Any disorder or condition other than personality disorders and mental retardation.

Personality disorders, mental retardation, and maladaptive defense mechanisms

Medical conditions relevant to the case

Psychosocial and environmental problems, stressful life events, adjustments difficulties

Global assessment of functioning (GAF) on a scale of 1 to 100, a low score indicating danger to self or others.

is a sub-field of general psychology where criminal behavior is only, in part by which phenomenon psychologists choose to study. It may be defined as the study of criminal behavior, the study criminal conduct and activities in an attempt to discover recurrent patterns and to formulate rules about his behavior.

They are known as adaptive or adjusted behavior; they are standard behaviors – the totality accepted behavior because they follow the standard norms of society.

is characterized by having an efficient perception of reality, self-knowledge, ability to exercise voluntary control over his behavior, self-esteem and acceptance, productivity, and the ability to form affectionate relationship with others.

A group of behaviors that are also known as maladaptive or maladjusted – they are deviant from social expectations because they go against the norms or standard behavior of society.

Many characteristics such as weight, height, and intelligence covers a range of values when, measured over a population.

A behavior that derives from the accepted norms of society is considered abnormal. However, it is primarily dependent on the existing norm of such society

Maladaptive behavior is the effect of a well￾being of the individual and or the social group . That some kind of deviant behavior interferes with the welfare of the individual.

This is abnormally in terms of the individual subjective feelings of distress rather than the individual behavior.

in its legal points of view declares that a person is insane largely on the basis of his inability to judge between right and wrong or to exert control over his behavior (Bartol, 1995).

may be used to signify that a person is not responsible for criminal conduct if, at the time of the offense, as a result of a severe mental disease or defect, he was unable to appreciate the nature and quality or the wrongfulness of his acts.

is not exempt if it can be shown that he acted during lucid interval.

are people with moderate to severe mental retardation, as well as a type of criminal.

is exempt in all cases from criminal liability.

– not knowing right from wrong – A defense on the ground of insanity to be established, it must be clearly proved that , at the time of committing of the act, the party accused was laboring under such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing.

The act was not the act of voluntary agent, but the involuntary act of the body, without the concurrence of a mind directing it.

The rule states that an accused is not criminally responsible if his unlawful act was the product of mental disease or mental defect

It provides that “A person is not responsible for criminal conduct if at the time of such conduct as a result of mental disease or defects he lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality [wrongfulness] of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law.

Behavior that outwardly manifested or those that are directly observable

behavior is behavior that is hidden – not visible to the naked eye

Behavior is _____ when acts are within the level of awareness.

when acts are embedded in one’s subconscious – unaware.

involves a smaller number of neurons

involved a greater number of neurons – combination of simple behaviors.

when a person acted with sanity or reason

when the person acted with no apparent reason or explanation

is an act done with full volition or will such as when we discriminate, decide or choose

refer the bodily processes that goes on even when we are awake or asleep like respiration, circulation and dig

This aspect of behavior pertains to our way of thinking, reasoning, solving, problem, processing info and coping with the environment.

This pertains to our feelings, moods, temper, and strong motivational force.

This pertains to how we interact or relate with other people.

This refers to our conscience and concept of what is good or bad.

This pertains to our being a man or a woman and the expression of love

This pertains to our ideology towards society/government.

This pertains to our interest towards something, our likes and dislikes

refers to the reason or cause why a person or group of people will perpetrate a crime.

is the means or implement used in the commission of the crime

consists of the of omission and/or commission by a person (the victim), which enables another person or group of persons (the criminal/s) to perpetrate the crime.

This refers to the genetic influences, those that are explained by heredity, the characteristics of a person acquired from birth transferred from one generation to another. It influences all aspects of behavior, including intellectual capabilities, reactions,

This refers to anything around the person that influences his action (his socio-cultural influences).

The family is said to be the cradle of personality development as a result of either a close or harmonious relationship or a pathogenic family structure: the disturbed family, broken family, separated or malaadjusted relations.

The experiences, which affect the feeling of security of a child undergoing developmental processes.

those families associated with a high frequency of problems

characterized by the inability to cope with the ordinary problems of family living. It lacks the resources, physical or psychological, for meeting the demands of family satisfaction.

those that espouse unacceptable values as a result of the influence of parents to their children.

characterized by non-satisfaction of one or both parents from the relationship that may express feelings of frustration. This is usually due to value differences as common sources of conflict and dissatisfiction.

characterized by incompleteness wether as a result of death, divorce, separation or some other circumstances.

Need according to a drive reduction theory, is a biological requirement for wellbeing of the individual. This need creates drives a psychological state of arousal that prompts someone to take action (Bernstein, et al, 1991). Drive therefore is an aroused state the results from some biological needs. The aroused condition motivates the person to remedy the need.

refers to the influences that govern the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior (Bernstein, et al, 1991).

are states of comfortable tension that spur activity until a goal is reached. Drive and motivation are covered in the world of psychology, for they energize behavior and give direction to man’s action.

are being blocked sometimes by parental deprivation as a consequence of parents or lack of adequate maturing at home because of parental rejection, over protection, restrictiveness, over permissiveness, and faulty discipline.

are influenced primarily by the kind of society in which the individual is raised.

are those related to the individual happiness and well-being, but not for the survival, unlike the biological motives that focuses on basic needs

the primary motives, need for survival

these motives include the need for food, water, oxygen, activity, and sleep

these pertains to the motives of being cared for and being secured such as the income and place to live

is the integration into various kinds of social groups or social organizations.

needs means need for affection

our motivation for learning and exploration.

our motivation for an honest fundamental respect for a person as a useful and honorable human being.

our motivation for beauty and order.

pertains to human total satisfaction, when people are motivated not so much by unmet needs, as by the desire to become all they are capable of (self-realization)

refers to the unpleasant feelings that result from the blocking of motive satisfaction. It is a form of stress, which results in tension. It is a feeling that is experienced when something interferes with our hopes, wishes, plans and expectations (Coleman, 1980).

are physical barriers or circumstances that prevents a person from doing his plan or fulfilling his wishes.

are restrictions or circumstances imposed by other people and the customs and laws of social living.

such as being handicapped by diseases, deafness, paralysis, etc. Which serves as barrier to the things one ought to do.

refers to the simultaneous arousal of or more incompatible motives resulting to unpleasant emotions. It is a source of frustration because it is a threat to normal behavior (Berstein, et al,1991).

a person is motivated to engage in two desirable activities that cannot be pursued simultaneously

a person faces two undesirable situations in which the avoidance of one is the exposure to the other resulting to an intense emotion.

a person faces situation having both a desirable and undesirable feature. It is sometimes called “dilemma”, because some negative and some positive features must be accepted regardless which course of action is chosen

– a situation in which a choice must be made between two or more alternatives each has both positive and negative features. It is the most difficult to resolve because the features of each portion are often difficult to compare

is an intangible feeling that seems to evade any effort to resolve it. It is also called neurotic fear. It could be intense, it could be low and can be a motivating force (Coleman, 1980).

is the process of adjusting to or dealing with circumstances that disrupts, or threatens to disrupt a person’s physical or psychological functioning (Bernstein, et al, 1992)

As introduced earlier regarding the Freudian view, the defense mechanisms are unconscious techniques used to prevent a person’s self-image from being damaged.

protection of oneself from unpleasant reality by refusing to perceive or face it. Simply by avoiding something that is unpleasant.

the gratification of frustration desires in imaginary achievement. Paying attention not to what is going on around him but rather to what is taking place in his thoughts.

placing blame for the difficulties upon other or attributing one’s own unethical desires to others in an effort to prevent ourselves being blamed

the use of excuses an individual to him and to others. Attempting to prove that one’s behavior is justifiable and thus worthy of self and social approval.

occurs when someone tries to prevent his submission to unacceptable impulses by taking the opposite stand. Preventing dangerous desires from being expresses by exaggerating opposed attitudes and types of behavior and using them as barriers

discharging pent-up emotion on objects less dangerous than those that initially aroused the emotion.

withdrawal is passivity to protect self from hurt.

series to cut off the emotions of a situation, which is normally, is full of feeling

revert from a past behavior to retreating to earlier development level involving less mature responses and usually a lower level of aspiration.

gratification of frustrated sexual desire in substitutive men sexual activities

increasing feeling of worth by identifying self with person or institution. The person can associate himself with something or someone to elevate position

incorporating external values and standards in ego structures so individual is not at their mercy as external threats. The acceptance of other’s values even they are contrary to one’s own assumption.

apologizing for wrongs, repentance, doing penance and undergoing punishment to negate a disapproval act.

striving to gain sympathy from others. The person seeks to be praised by relating faults or problem.

reduction of the anxiety aroused by forbidden desires by permitting their expression. The individual deals with all impulse by expressing them

are relevant in understanding human behavior. They are the standards which people use to cognize, express, and evaluate behavior as right or wrong, just or unjust, appropriate or inappropriate.

also guide people to evaluate their behavior thus giving them direction to their lives. They are the enduring preferences for mode of conduct or state of existence.

( in psychological perspective ) stressful situations that when become extreme may result in maladaptive behavior.

(behavior perspective) the failure to learn the necessary adaptive behavior due to wrongful development. This usually result of delinquent behavior based on the failure to learn the necessary social values and norms.

(in humanistic perspective) presumably, human nature tends towards cooperation and constructive activities, however if we show aggression, cruelty or other violent behavior, the result will be an unfavorable environment

self-concept in early childhood by over critical parents or by rigid socialization measures usually causes deviant behavior among individuals because they are not contented and even unhappy among individuals because they are not contented and even unhappy with the kind of social dealings they are facing.

poverty, social discrimination, and destructive violence always result to deviant behavior.