It is a excellent solvent for materials as it works to dissolve chemical compounds, It transports materials between inside and outside the cell, Maintains high specific heat, plays a major role in body's flexibility and elasticity

The percentage of mineral salts in the mass of living cells is 1-5%

ions that are solvent in water such as sodium and potassium ions in nerve cells., chlorine ions and leaflets in plant cells, form of mineral crystals such as calcium in the walls of plant cells, deposits in the material between cells such as calcium compounds in bones or silica compounds in diatoms

Structural building such as zinc and manganese salts, Energy production such as phosphate salts that enters in ATP structure

Maltose

lactose

sucrose

Amylose is a linear molecule, Amylopectin is a branched molecule

starch is pure white, tasteless, and oderless powder, it consists about 1000-250 molecules of Alpha Glucose, is found in plant based food like potatoes, corn and carrots

amylose: linear molecules, consists of 20-30% of total starch in plants, is soluble, amylopectin: branched molecules, consists about 80-70% of total starch in plants, is insoluble

fat and oils, steroids , terepenes , phospholipids

because Hydrogen in Fats are much higher compared to proteins and carbohydrates.

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they arr organic compounds and do not dissolve in water but rather dissolve in fats

structural, such as cholesterol which is part of the cell membrane, functional, such as sex hormones, cortisone, and vitamin D which helps in absorption of calcium in the digestive tract, bile acids, which are along with bile of the liver, it helps in digestion of fats

it consists building units of isoprene, is classified as aromatic compounds which are found in some plants like citrus fruits that are responsible for flavors and fragrances, name of structure is polyisoprene

their role is building and repairing tissues, is the most complex organic compounds

essential amino acids, there are 8 of them and the human body cannot produce them. So it is a must obtain food , Non-essential amino acids, There are 12 amino acids and the human body can produce them.

involved in the structure of the cells such as in the cytoskeleton, the cell membrane, and tissues, the most important of which is muscle tissue. the most famous proteins in its structures are myosin and actin proteins

Many proteins help to manage many vital processes in the body, such as hormones

Activating vital reactions in the body such as energy production reactions in mitochondria and digestive processes in the intestines

Transporting substances within the body, such as hemoglobin protein or within the cells such as transport proteins in cell membrane

Proteins are a last source of energy to resort to after running out of both carbohydrates and fats

factors produced by cells with the aim of accelerating chemical reactions in cells and regulating their occurrence on body temperature

Accelerating chemical reactions, reducing activation energy, enzymes do not get consumed in the process

a state of rest when the neuron's membrane is more fluid inside compared to the outside and the electrical potential difference is -70 mv

the lowest action potential required to continue opening sodium channels to cause a change in the state of polarization -60 to 55 mv, the membrane becomes more accessible to sodium ions (Na) since the sodium channels open, which is allowing a large inflow of sodium ions from outside the cell into the cell while the potassium channels remain closed, This leads to an increase in positive charges inside the cell.

ions of Sodium into the cell increases while the potassium channels remain closed, so the potential difference reverses and reaches 30+ to 35+ MV

When the potential difference reaches +30 to +35 MV potassium ions begin to emerge which increases the positive charges outside until the cell returns to the normal potential difference (-70 mV)

Potassium ions continue to exit until the potential difference reaches 90 MV while the sodium channels remain closed , Then most of the potassium channels close and the sodium-potassium pump is activated, bringing the potential difference back to normal -70 MV, This part does not respond to any trigger until the nerve membrane returns to its original state of polarization is called the Refractory Period

This mechanism is known as the continuous transmission until the end of an axis

is a mechanism where positive ions move from one bamvee to another as if they were jumping, this explains the speed of transmission of the nerve in the myelinated nerves This mechanism is called the saltatory conduction mechanism and it is 50x times faster than continuous transmission The speed reaches about 120 m/s.

extends from the neuron's cell body and contains mitochondria, microtubules, enzymes, and synaptic buttons at its ends. Some axons are surrounded by a fatty protein layer called the myelin sheath, while others are unmyelinated.

cell body forms the central part of the neuron and contains most of the cell's organelles with the exception of centrioles

They are considered extensions of the cytoplasm and decrease in diameter as they move away from cell, They receive information and transmit it towards the cell body

movement of molecules across the cell membrane without the use of energy. moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

a movement of solvent to go towards the solute without the need for energy. Is when solvent water move from low solute concentration to high solute concentration

is a operation of exiting and entering large particles like proteins

Phagocytosis is when the cell eats large particles such as bacteria or debris., Pinocytosis is the process of taking in fluids and small particles, Receptor endocytosis enters cholesterol from the surface to its internal

transporting materials from inside the cell to outside it as the cell releases enzymes, hormones and waste products.

higher temperatures will cause a malfunction in active reaction of enzymes

alkaline

acidic

is a site where the enzymes interacts with subtances it acts upon

is enegry required to start chemical reaction