“Typhoid Mary” came from a chef who spread a typhoid fever

Process of engulfing and killing extracellular organisms and foreign particles

It happens in the absence of chemotactic substances

The primary function of first line of defense is to ___ the entry of potential pathogens and hazardous objects into the body

In the first line of defense, normal microbiota mostly _____ resides on the surface and deep layers of the physical components which prevent the overgrowth of pathogens and viruses

CGD is characteruzed by impaired _____

It means redness, caused by dilation of blood vessels and increased blood flow

Toll-like receptors and cellular defense mechanism have highest concentrations of thr ff. cells

-It is the process of enclosing the pathogen into a phagocytic vacuole (phagosome or phagolysosome) -Facilitated by amoeboid movement of phagocytes -Opsonins

He discovered gel technology

It means pain, due to the damage or trauma caused to nearby nerves

Fixed macrophages- Placenta:

He was the first to receive a blood transfusion from 3 children and caused his death

T-cell receptor gene discovery

It is destroyed by NK cells and T cells via cell killing

Who is the Father of Immunology

Vaccination came from the Latin word ___ meaning cow

Fixed macrophages- Lymph nodes:

It is destroyed via phagocytosis

May show a POSITIVE RESULT from “Nitroblue Tetrazolium Dye Test” or “Neutrophil Reduction Test”

Cells involved in toll-like receptor and cellular defense mechanism or in natural immunity are from MYELOID SERIES:

The opsonization is downgraded by virulence factors such as ____

-In this step of phagocytosis, it is facilitated by digestive enzymes enclosed in cell particles. -As foreign materials or pathogens are digested, the cells degranulate - Ex: CGD

Christopher Columbus- New (West) world to Old (East) world= ___

RESULTS (Color Rxn): In digestion stage in phagocytosis -Normal: ? -CGD (+): ?

Instruction: Format in answering the questions 1. Answer 2. Answer Up to no. 9

Fixed macrophages- Tissue:

-It is the best antigen presentor -Covered with long membranous extensions resembling cell dendrites -Phagocytose and present antigens to T helper cells

Variola major ____

An example of toll-like receptor, which interacts with gram POSITIVE bacteria

Tissue’s reaction to injury

He is responsible for blood transfusion and blood preservative technique.

It is the 1st cell to migrate (after about 30 minutes); short-lived; acute inflammation

It means swelling, caused by extravasation and accumulation of tissue fluids

What are the 5 cardinal signs?

-Random movement- ABNORMAL -Directional/ Chemotactic movement- ABNORMAL

Digestion of pathogens can be done in two ways:

They inhaled powder of dried smallpox lesions (variolation)

How to recognize those foreign invades. Its binding will cause phagocytosis to occur.

-Random movement: NORMAL -Directional/Chemotactic movement: ABNORMAL

-At this stage of phagocytosis, it results from tissue damage or multiplication of microorganism. -Increased surface receptors of phagocytes for subsequent adherence

1901, had the distinction of being awarded as the first immunology-related Nobel Prize for his works on serum therapy

What are the lines of defenses included in Natural/Innate/Nonspecific Immunity?

Towards stimulation

What are under your chemical in first line of defense for natural/innate/nonspecific immunity?

Fixed macrophages- Lung:

1888, demonstrated that certain blood cells ingest foreign material, a concept now known as PHAGOCYTOSIS

What are the 3 stages of inflammation

Who are those antigen presenting cells?

Away from stimulation

In engulfment, it contains this which includes abs and complement proteins which interact with bacterial surfaces and makes them (pathogen) more susceptible to engulfment and phagocytosis

Test for chemotaxis

It is also known as the external defense system of the body

1975, discovered monoclonal antibodies

Fixed macrophages- Skin:

Variola minor _____

What is the 2 components of the immune system? Format of answering: Answer/Answer; Answer/Answer

Vaccinia meaning ____

Included in the INTERNAL DEFENSE system together with the third line of defense

At this stage of phagocytosis, migration of phagocytes in a certain direction under the stimulation of chemotaxins

An example of toll-like receptor, which interacts with gram NEGATIVE bacteria

It is the 2nd cell to migrate (after about 4 hours); long-lived; chronic inflammation

What happened in the stage of inflammation which is vascular response?

Primary function of these cells involved in myeloid series such as basophils,eosinophils, and neutrophils is ____ of inflammatory responses.

In secondary line of defense, acts by phagocytosis and secretion of substances necessary for destroying pathogens.

What are included in the first line of defense in natural/innate/nonspecific immunity?

It is the study of immune system, study of a host’s reactions when a foreign substances are introduced into the body.

Fixed macrophages- Synovium:

Fixed macrophages- Kidney:

Fixed macrophages- Liver:

1798, an English countryside physician, demonstrated that protection from cowpox could be generated by the transfer of postural material from a cowpox lesion instead of a more hazardous smallpox lesion

-It is the ability of the body to resist infection using only the normally present body functions. -Present at birth -Standardized responses for all antigens -No prior exposure is required -Lacks memory

Fixed macrophages- CNS:

-It is specific for each individual pathogen -Not present at birth -Results in increased response upon repeated exposure -With memory

It means loss of tissue function

What is the steps in cellular response when inflammation occur. Answer format: 1. Answer up to no. 7

1987, was awarded the Nobel Prize for his 1978 discovery of the genetic principles underlying the generation of antibodies with diffferent specificities

Year when HIV was discovered

1951, he created the vaccine against Yellow Fever

What are included in second line of defense in natural/innate/nonspecific immunity?

In second line of defense, it is a soluble substances with a wide range of functions

Oxygen independent killing includes the following:

What are under your physical in first line of defense for natural/innate/nonspecific immunity?

Christopher Columbus- Old world (East) to New world (West)= ___

1894, he discover complement

What are under your cellular/phagocytes in second line of defense for natural/innate/nonspecific immunity?

Fixed macrophages- Spleen:

1897, he discovered precipitins

In the first line of defense, the physical components credibility is diminished in the presence of damages such as ____,____,or ____.

In first line of defense, the chemical components, it acts as to:

Affects neutrophil microbicidal function leading to inability of the cell to kill ingested organism

Instruction: Format of answering the questions 1. Answer 2. Answer Up to no. 6

Oxygen dependent killing, there is a respiraotry burst which means there is a production of ____ which are toxic to bacteria.

The primary function of second line of defense is to ____ invading pathogens

Fixed macrophages- Bone:

It means heat, caused by dilation of blood vessels, increased blood flow and increased interleukin production.

What are under your humoral/fluid component of second line of defense for natural/innate/nonspecific immunity?

What are the steps in phagocytosis? Answer format: 1. Answer

In this year, the discovery of T-cell receptor gene occur

2005, he discovered the vaccine against Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)