It is the study of immune system, study of a host’s reactions when a foreign substances are introduced into the body.

Who is the Father of Immunology

1798, an English countryside physician, demonstrated that protection from cowpox could be generated by the transfer of postural material from a cowpox lesion instead of a more hazardous smallpox lesion

1888, demonstrated that certain blood cells ingest foreign material, a concept now known as PHAGOCYTOSIS

1894, he discover complement

1897, he discovered precipitins

1901, had the distinction of being awarded as the first immunology-related Nobel Prize for his works on serum therapy

1951, he created the vaccine against Yellow Fever

1975, discovered monoclonal antibodies

In this year, the discovery of T-cell receptor gene occur

1987, was awarded the Nobel Prize for his 1978 discovery of the genetic principles underlying the generation of antibodies with diffferent specificities

2005, he discovered the vaccine against Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

Instruction: Format in answering the questions 1. Answer 2. Answer Up to no. 9

Instruction: Format of answering the questions 1. Answer 2. Answer Up to no. 6

Vaccinia meaning ____

Variola major ____

Variola minor _____

Vaccination came from the Latin word ___ meaning cow

They inhaled powder of dried smallpox lesions (variolation)

Christopher Columbus- Old world (East) to New world (West)= ___

Christopher Columbus- New (West) world to Old (East) world= ___

He was the first to receive a blood transfusion from 3 children and caused his death

“Typhoid Mary” came from a chef who spread a typhoid fever

He is responsible for blood transfusion and blood preservative technique.

He discovered gel technology

Year when HIV was discovered

T-cell receptor gene discovery

What is the 2 components of the immune system? Format of answering: Answer/Answer; Answer/Answer

-It is the ability of the body to resist infection using only the normally present body functions. -Present at birth -Standardized responses for all antigens -No prior exposure is required -Lacks memory

-It is specific for each individual pathogen -Not present at birth -Results in increased response upon repeated exposure -With memory

What are the lines of defenses included in Natural/Innate/Nonspecific Immunity?

What are included in the first line of defense in natural/innate/nonspecific immunity?

What are under your physical in first line of defense for natural/innate/nonspecific immunity?

What are under your chemical in first line of defense for natural/innate/nonspecific immunity?

What are included in second line of defense in natural/innate/nonspecific immunity?

What are under your cellular/phagocytes in second line of defense for natural/innate/nonspecific immunity?

What are under your humoral/fluid component of second line of defense for natural/innate/nonspecific immunity?

It is also known as the external defense system of the body

The primary function of first line of defense is to ___ the entry of potential pathogens and hazardous objects into the body

In the first line of defense, the physical components credibility is diminished in the presence of damages such as ____,____,or ____.

In first line of defense, the chemical components, it acts as to:

In the first line of defense, normal microbiota mostly _____ resides on the surface and deep layers of the physical components which prevent the overgrowth of pathogens and viruses

Included in the INTERNAL DEFENSE system together with the third line of defense

The primary function of second line of defense is to ____ invading pathogens

In secondary line of defense, acts by phagocytosis and secretion of substances necessary for destroying pathogens.

In second line of defense, it is a soluble substances with a wide range of functions

How to recognize those foreign invades. Its binding will cause phagocytosis to occur.

Toll-like receptors and cellular defense mechanism have highest concentrations of thr ff. cells

An example of toll-like receptor, which interacts with gram POSITIVE bacteria

An example of toll-like receptor, which interacts with gram NEGATIVE bacteria

Fixed macrophages- Liver:

Fixed macrophages- CNS:

Fixed macrophages- Bone:

Fixed macrophages- Lung:

Fixed macrophages- Placenta:

Fixed macrophages- Spleen:

Fixed macrophages- Kidney:

Fixed macrophages- Skin:

Fixed macrophages- Tissue:

Fixed macrophages- Synovium:

Fixed macrophages- Lymph nodes:

Cells involved in toll-like receptor and cellular defense mechanism or in natural immunity are from MYELOID SERIES:

Primary function of these cells involved in myeloid series such as basophils,eosinophils, and neutrophils is ____ of inflammatory responses.

-It is the best antigen presentor -Covered with long membranous extensions resembling cell dendrites -Phagocytose and present antigens to T helper cells

Process of engulfing and killing extracellular organisms and foreign particles

What are the steps in phagocytosis? Answer format: 1. Answer

-At this stage of phagocytosis, it results from tissue damage or multiplication of microorganism. -Increased surface receptors of phagocytes for subsequent adherence

At this stage of phagocytosis, migration of phagocytes in a certain direction under the stimulation of chemotaxins

Towards stimulation

Away from stimulation

It happens in the absence of chemotactic substances

-Random movement: NORMAL -Directional/Chemotactic movement: ABNORMAL

-Random movement- ABNORMAL -Directional/ Chemotactic movement- ABNORMAL

Test for chemotaxis

-It is the process of enclosing the pathogen into a phagocytic vacuole (phagosome or phagolysosome) -Facilitated by amoeboid movement of phagocytes -Opsonins

In engulfment, it contains this which includes abs and complement proteins which interact with bacterial surfaces and makes them (pathogen) more susceptible to engulfment and phagocytosis

The opsonization is downgraded by virulence factors such as ____

-In this step of phagocytosis, it is facilitated by digestive enzymes enclosed in cell particles. -As foreign materials or pathogens are digested, the cells degranulate - Ex: CGD

Affects neutrophil microbicidal function leading to inability of the cell to kill ingested organism

CGD is characteruzed by impaired _____

RESULTS (Color Rxn): In digestion stage in phagocytosis -Normal: ? -CGD (+): ?

May show a POSITIVE RESULT from “Nitroblue Tetrazolium Dye Test” or “Neutrophil Reduction Test”

Digestion of pathogens can be done in two ways:

Oxygen dependent killing, there is a respiraotry burst which means there is a production of ____ which are toxic to bacteria.

Oxygen independent killing includes the following:

It is destroyed via phagocytosis

It is destroyed by NK cells and T cells via cell killing

Tissue’s reaction to injury

What are the 5 cardinal signs?

It means redness, caused by dilation of blood vessels and increased blood flow

It means heat, caused by dilation of blood vessels, increased blood flow and increased interleukin production.

It means swelling, caused by extravasation and accumulation of tissue fluids

It means pain, due to the damage or trauma caused to nearby nerves

It means loss of tissue function

What are the 3 stages of inflammation

What happened in the stage of inflammation which is vascular response?

What is the steps in cellular response when inflammation occur. Answer format: 1. Answer up to no. 7

It is the 1st cell to migrate (after about 30 minutes); short-lived; acute inflammation

It is the 2nd cell to migrate (after about 4 hours); long-lived; chronic inflammation

Who are those antigen presenting cells?