The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique was Conceived by

which uses heat and Enzymes to make unlimited copies of Genes and Gene Fragments, later becomes A major tool in biotech research and Product development worldwide

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was conceived by Kary Mullis. PCR, which uses heat and enzymes to make unlimited copies of genes and gene fragments, later becomes a major tool in biotech research and product development worldwide (Dumlao- Santos 2008).

Field trials for biotech plants that are resistant to insects, viruses, and bacteria are held in the US (Jacob 1973). US FDA approves human growth hormone produced by bacteria (Biotechnology in Agriculture, 2005).

used to fight kidney transplant rejection, is approved as the first monoclonal antibody treatment

The first biotech-derived interferon drugs for the treatment of cancer. are approved by the FDA. Two years later, the drugs are used to treat Kaposi's sarcoma, a complication of AIDS (ibid.).

The first genetically engineered human vaccine- -is approved for the prevention of hepatitis B (ibid.).

Ortho Biotech's Orthoclone OKT3, used to fight kidney transplant rejection, is approved as the first monoclonal antibody treatment (North Carolina Biotechnology Center). The first biotech-derived interferon drugs for the treatment of cancer-Biogen's Intron A and Genentech's Roferon A-are approved by the FDA. Two years later, the drugs are used to treat Kaposi's sarcoma, a complication of AIDS (ibid.). The first genetically engineered human vaccine- Chiron's Recombivax HB-is approved for the prevention of hepatitis B (ibid.).

The Philippine Department of Science and Technology identifies biotechnology as a flagship of leading edge technologies "__________________" during the term of Pres. Corazon C. Aquino (Peczon 2005).

identifies biotechnology as a flagship of leading edge technologies "as a strategic tool for achieving sustained economic development" during the term of Pres. Corazon C. Aquino (Peczon 2005).

Advanced Genetic Sciences' Frostban, a genetically altered bacterium that inhibits frost formation on crop plants, is field tested on strawberry and potato plants in California, the first authorized outdoor tests of an engineered bacterium (North Carolina Biotechnology Center). Genentech's tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), sold as Activase, is approved as a treatment for heart attacks (ibid.). John Sanford of Cornell University invents the "gene gun" used to shoot genes into the nuclei of cells (Heppenheimer 2003).

a genetically altered bacterium that inhibits frost formation on crop plants, is field tested on strawberry and potato plants in California, the first authorized outdoor tests of an engineered bacterium (North Carolina Biotechnology Center).

sold as Activase, is approved as a treatment for heart attacks (ibid.).

invents the "gene gun" used to shoot genes into the nuclei of cells (Heppenheimer 2003).

The US Congress funds the Human Genome Project, a massive effort to map and sequence the human genetic code as well as the genomes of other species (North Carolina Biotechnology Center). Monsanto introduces an herbicide-tolerant soybean variety called Roundup Ready (Monsanto Biotech Knowledge Center).

funds the Human Genome Project, a massive effort to map and sequence the human genetic code as well as the genomes of other species (North Carolina Biotechnology Center).

introduces an herbicide-tolerant soybean variety called Roundup Ready

China is first to put GM crops on sale, namely, virus- resistant tobacco and a tomato (Diamond 1997).

first to put GM crops on sale, namely, virus- resistant tobacco and a tomato

The National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines (NCBP) is created by Executive Order 430 to review and monitor R&D involving GMOs (Biotechnology in Agriculture, 2005; Peczon 2005). The US FDA approves genetic modifications to make rennet from bacteria (Biotechnology in Agriculture, 2005). The first federally approved (US) gene therapy treatment is performed successfully by W. French Anderson on a 4- year-old girl suffering from an immune system disorder (People Who Shaped the Century, 1999). The first successful field trial of insect-resistant cotton (Bt cotton) is conducted (Monsanto Biotech Knowledge Center).

is created by Executive Order 430 to review and monitor R&D involving GMOs

approves genetic modifications to make rennet from bacteria

The first federally approved (US) gene therapy treatment is performed successfully by __________ on a 4- year-old girl suffering from an immune system disorder

The first successful field trial of insect-resistant cotton ______ is conducted

Marker technologies for use in crop improvement are developed at the Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB) and the Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice), supported by government funds, IRRI, and Rockefeller Foundation (Peczon 2005).

Marker technologies for use in crop improvement are developed at the

Amgen develops Neupogen, the first of a new class of drugs called colony-stimulating factors, for the treatment of low white blood cells in chemotherapy patients (North Carolina Biotechnology Center). Immunex's Leukine, used to replenish white blood counts after bone marrow transplants, is approved (ibid.).

Amgen develops _____, the first of a new class of drugs called _______ for the treatment of low white blood cells in chemotherapy patients

used to replenish white blood counts after bone marrow transplants, is approved

Recombinate, used in the treatment of hemophilia A, is developed by Genetics Institute, a unit of American Home Products Corporation, and becomes the first genetically engineered blood-clotting factor approved in the US (ibid.).

used in the treatment of hemophilia A, is developed by Genetics Institute, a unit of American Home Products Corporation, and becomes the first genetically engineered blood-clotting factor approved in the US

The Seed Industry Development Act of ____, which mandated the Philippine Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB) to lead in plant biotechnology activities, is enacted

mandated the Philippine Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB) to lead in plant biotechnology activities, is enacted

Papaya transgenic plantlets are developed at IPB; greenhouse testing of bacterial leaf blight resistant Xa21 rice is conducted at PhilRice

are developed at IPB; greenhouse testing of bacterial leaf blight resistant Xa21 rice is conducted at PhilRice

Philippine president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo issues the National Policy Statement on Modern Biotechnology

issues the National Policy Statement on Modern Biotechnology

Multilocational field trials of Bt corn are conducted by Monsanto Philippines and Pioneer Hi-Bred International

are conducted by Monsanto Philippines and Pioneer Hi-Bred International

Canadian and US scientists develop a transgenic tomato that thrives in salty conditions, a discovery with the potential to create tomatoes and other crops that can grow under marginal conditions

develop a transgenic tomato that thrives in salty conditions, a discovery with the potential to create tomatoes and other crops that can grow under marginal conditions

The sequence of the human genome is published in Science and Nature, making it possible for researchers all over the world to begin developing genetically based treatments for diseases

The sequence of the _________ is published in Science and Nature, making it possible for researchers all over the world to begin developing genetically based treatments for diseases

The Department of Agriculture embarks on capacity- building measures to upgrade the technical knowledge, skills, and resources of its biotech regulatory agencies: Bureau of Plant Industry, Bureau of Animal Industry, Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Product Staridards, and Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority

The Department of Agriculture embarks on capacity- building measures to upgrade the technical knowledge, skills, and resources of its biotech regulatory agencies

The National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy study finds that six GM crops planted in the US produced an additional 4 billion pounds of food and fiber on the same acreage, improved farm income by US$1.5 billion, and reduced pesticide use by 46 million pounds

Researchers sequence the DNA of rice, the main food source for two-thirds of the world's population. It is the first crop to have its genome decoded

Republic Act 9168, otherwise known as "Plant Variety Protection Act," is approved. It allows registration/ property rights ownership for plant breeders

The year considered as the Philippines P rush, where patent applications reach its highest record at 5,889. Of this figure, biotechnology patent applications are also at the highest level at 456

The _________study finds that six GM crops planted in the US produced an additional __________ of food and fiber on the same acreage, improved farm income by _______, and reduced pesticide use by _______ pounds

Researchers sequence the _____, the main food source for two-thirds of the world's population. It is the first crop to have its genome decoded

is approved. It allows registration/ property rights ownership for plant breeders

where patent applications reach its highest record at 5,889. Of this figure, biotechnology patent applications are also at the highest level at 456

DA Secretary Leonardo Montemayor issues DA- Administrative Order No. 8 as guidelines for the commercialization and public use of transgenic crops

issues DA- Administrative Order No. 8 as guidelines for the commercialization and public use of transgenic crops

Commercial planting of corn MON810 is approved in the Philippines. It is the first GM food crop approved for commercial planting in Asia

approved in the Philippines. It is the first GM food crop approved for commercial planting in Asia

Farmers in 18 countries plant GM crops on 67.7 million ha

Farmers in __ countries plant GM crops on ___" million ha Biotechnology in Agriculture, 2005).

Significant adoption of Bt corn planting in the Philippines is observed; from initial planting of 126 ha in late 2002 to 11,000 ha by 2003

Significant adoption of Bt corn planting in the Philippines is observed; from initial planting of ____ in late 2002 to ____ ha by 2003

The DA adopts an insect resistance management strategy for Bt technology specific for Philippine conditions

The DA adopts an ___________ for Bt technology specific for Philippine conditions

The Bureau of Food and Drugs of the Department of Health prepares for its role in the regulation of GM- derived processed foods. A study on the cost implication of GM labeling on corn- and soybean-based products is completed, showing cost increases of 11- 12% with mandatory GM labeling

The _________________ prepares for its role in the regulation of GM- derived processed foods. A study on the cost implication of GM labeling on corn- and soybean-based products is completed, showing cost increases of ______% with mandatory GM labeling

Farmers in 17 countries plant GM crops on 81 million ha. The Philippines is listed as having planted significant hectarage to Bt corn

Farmers in ___ countries plant GM crops on ___ million ha. The Philippines is listed as having planted significant hectarage to Bt corn

The Bureau of Plant Industry approves the commercial release of 3 GMOs and the importation of 21 GMOs.

The Bureau of Plant Industry approves the commercial release of

The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri- Biotech Applications (ISAAA) declares the Philippines as a biotech crop mega country, growing at least 50,000 ha in 2004

declares the Philippines as a biotech crop mega country, growing at least 50,000 ha in 2004

Iran plants 4,000 ha to Bt rice

Iran plants _____ ha to Bt rice

EO 514-which establishes the National Biosafety Framework, prescribing guidelines for its implementation and strengthening the National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines-is released

establishes the National Biosafety Framework, prescribing guidelines for its implementation and strengthening the National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines-is released.

The Philippine Senate ratifies the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity

ratifies the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity