These are box or rectangular shaped. Example: halophilic bacteria such as Haloarcula vallismortis

• Carried out a series of experiments on decaying meat and its ability to produce maggots spontaneously • He showed that maggots would not arise from decaying meat, when it is covered.

they are also known as budding bacteria. They can be non-motile or motile with flagella.

have a long filamentous structure. Example: Candidatus savagella

Staphylococcus

Bacteriophages

are a chain of vegetative cell. This is often covered with slimy sheath as in cyanobacteria. Example: Thiothrix nivea

who developed a lens for the first time

He developed the Petri dish (plate), a container used for solid culture media

can be averaged to 2 micrometres with a diameter of 0.5 micrometres. Bacteria are known to display a wide variety of size and shapes. They are about one-tenth the size of a eukaryotic cell.

these have ability to change their shape and size due to various external factors like pressure, environmental stress, etc. Example: Mycoplasma pneumonia, Mycoplasma genitalium.

Due to cell division in one plane, bacilli are arranged in a chain. Genus Streptobacillus contains gram-negative, aerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria Examples are Streptobacillus moniliformis, Streptobacillus felis, etc

made and used a compound microscope in the 1660s and described his fascinating exploration of the newly discovered universe of microscope creatures in his classic micrographia in 1665.

resemble a star. Example: Stella humosa, Stella vacuolata

Pasteur in 1897 suggested that mild heating at 62.8°C (145°F) for 30 minutes rather than boiling was enough to destroy the undesirable organisms without ruining the taste of product, the process was called?

Gonococcus

are arranged in a group of 4 cells. The cell division occurs in two different planes Examples of tetrads cocci bacteria are Micrococcus spp. Pediococcus, etc

He demonstrated that air carried germs to the culture medium. • He showed that boiled broth would not give rise to microscopic forms of life.

First produced a croute type of microscope by placing two lenses together without provision for focusing

One of Pasteur's associates constructed a porcelain bacterial filter.

Coined the term Virus for filters bleeding infectious agents

He is the father of antiseptic surgery. Lister concluded that wound infections too were due to microorganisms. • He also devised a method to destroy microorganisms in operation theatre by spraying a fine mist of carbolic acid into the air.

study of microorganisms/mitobus which is only in the microscope.

Rogen Bacon described that the disease caused by a minute "seed" or "germ

these have a lobed structure and mostly found in hot and volcanic springs. They are flagellated and have an irregular shape. They are acidophiles and thermophiles. Example: Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, Sulfolobus solfataricus

• He discovered highly resistant bacterial structure, later known as endospore.

Supporter of the spontaneous generation theory. • He proposed that tiny organism(animalcules) arose spontaneously on the mutton gravy. • He covered the flasks with cork as done by Redi, Still the microbes appeared on mutton broth.

First person to see living microorganisms

These are gram-negative, rigid having bacteria flagella. Examples extemal are Spirillum, Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, etc

Developed rabies vaccine

Leprosy bacillus

Description of protozoa, basics types of bacteria, yeast and algae (seen in water, feces and teeth scrapings urider his own misascope which were not compound) Father of bacteriology and Protozoology In 1676 he observed and described microorganisms such as bacteria and protozoa as Animalcules (he describes as tiny creatures as animalcula animal which were translated in England as animalcules by the Royal Society)

• He is the father of Medical Microbiology. • He pointed that no growth took place in swan neck shaped tubes because dust and germs had been trapped on the walls of the curved necks but if the necks were broken off so that dust fell directly

The bacilli after cell division bend and therefore arranged in a palisade, fence-like structure. Example: Corynebacterium diphtheria

Vaccination for Smallpox

believe that living organisms could develop from non living materials.

First to prevent small pox. He discovered the technique of vaccination.

Is a prokaryotic, unicellular organism. are found everywhere, they are the most abundant living organisms. They can thrive in extreme conditions like hot springs, snow, deep ocean, where it is difficult for other organisms to live

Diphtheria bacillus

These are curved and appear like a comma

He discovered the penicillin from penicillium notatum that destroy several pathogenic bacteria.

Single unattached cell, that looks like a rod. Examples are Bacillus cereus, Salmonella enterica, etc.

or shape of a bacteria cell is the most distinguished property of a bacteria. It is the characteristic property of a particular species

He discovered the treatment of syphilis by using arsenic. He Studied toxins and antitoxins in quantitative ferms & laid foundation of biological standardization.

He demonstrated the role of bacteria in causing disease. He perfected the technique of isolating bacteria in pure culture.

bacteria cell is covered with sheath. They are found in water. Example: Leptothrix, Clonothrix

develops at one end of bacteria due to asymmetrical cell division. Example: Caulobacter crescentus

These are spindle-shaped, bulged in the middle and the end is tapered. Example: Fusobacterium necrophorum

bacteria exist as a single spherical cell

These are short compared to other bacilli and oval in shape, they appear like a coccus. Examples are Chlamydia trachomatis, Haemophilus influenzae, Gardnerella vaginalis, etc

Cells are arranged in an irregular cluster, which looks like grapes. This is due to the division in three planes. Examples are staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus

can be single or multiple in a group of 2, 4, 8, etc. bacteria can be round, oval or elongated or bean-shaped.

are anaerobic gram-positive bacteria. They occur as a group of 8 cells. It is found in the family Clostridiaceae. It is found in the large intestine and skin Examples of sarcinae are: Clostridium maximum, Sarcina auranatica, Sarcina ventricull, Clostridium maximum, Microciocclus luteus, etc

These bacteria are spiral or helical in shape

the cocci are joined in a plane and arranged in a chain pattern. These are non-motile, aerobic and gram-positive bacteria that cause many diseases. Examples of streptococci are Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcusagalactiae, etc.

prepared a microscope with focusing device called Occiale

Cultivation of viruses on chick embryos

Morphology of bacteria cell not only tells the shape but also decides its?

Two rods are attached to each other and found in pairs after cell division. Examples are Moraxella bovis, Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis, etc

Diphtheria toxin

Cells are arranged in pairs after cell division. Examples of diplococcus bacteria are:Gram-negative bacteria- Neisseria spp, Moraxella catanhalisGram-positive bacteria- Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus spp, etc.

Is made up of peptidoglycan (murein). Which is a polymer of sugars, alternating N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) linked to N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and amino acids peptide chain. Change in the configuration of the polymer and its thickness is responsible for the varied morphology and shape of a bacteria cell.

One of Koch's assistant first proposed the use of agar in culture media. It was not attacked by most bacteria. Agar is better than gelatin because of its higher melting pointing (96°c) and solidiflying (40-45⁰c) points.

Prolonged boiling or intermittent heating was necessary to kill these spores, to make the best infusion completely sterilized, a process known as?

These bacteria are spiral, thin and flexible. They have internal periplasmic flagella. These are pathogenic species that cause various serious diseases.Examples are Leptospira