The customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group.

refers to the rich diversity in social practices that different cultures exhibit around the world.

3 Types Cultural Variation

comes from ‘religare’ a Latin word means ‘to bind together

is the expression of the set of cultural ideas held by a distinct ethics or indigenous group.

is the legal relationship that binds a person and a country. It allows the state to protect and have jurisdiction over a person.

What are the social differences

is the socially-constructed characteristics of being male or female. It serves as guide on how males and females think and act about themselves.

are the differences among the individuals on the basis of social characteristics and qualities.

refers to the category of persons who have more or less the same socio-economic privileges: These are Upper class, Middle class, and Lower class.

- to the state of being intellectually gifted and/or having physically or mentally challenged conditions.

Variations within cultures

refers to the rich diversity in social practices that different cultures exhibit around the world.

the way of life customs and ideas of a particular group of people within a society, which are different from the rest of that society.

a way of life and a set of ideas that are completely different from those accepted by most of society on the group of people who live this way.

relates to social inequalities and social class differentiation present in most societies.

is the modification and alteration of a pattern of behavior, social structure, social organization and social institution. a considerable lasting change in the way a society behaves the norms and values to which the society adheres.

Kinds of social changes

Almost always associated with a group affiliation and describes the ways in which being a member of a particular group might express specific political opinions and attitudes.

Father of American ANTHROPOLOGY

Derived from the Latin word socius which means “associate or companion” and the Greek word logos which means “the study of”. is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture Its aim was to discover the social laws that govern the development of societies.

Who is the FATHER of Sociology

Types of Society

➤The earliest form of society. ➤The members survive primarily by hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering edible plants. The majority of the members' time is spent looking for and gathering food.

12,000-15,000 years ago) The people PLANTED SEED as a means of production for subsistence

12,000-15,000 years ago) The people planted seeds as a means of production for subsistence

➤These societies rely on products obtained through the domestication and breeding of animals for transportation and food. ➤Pastoral societies also allow for job specialization, since not everyone is needed to gather or hunt for food. For example, while some people breed animals, others are able to produce tools or clothing, which allows for specialization in these areas

➤rely on the use of technology in order to cultivate crops in large areas, including wheat, rice, and corn. ➤The technological advances led to an increase in food supplies, an increase in population, and development of trade centers. the

➤They use advanced sources of energy to run large machinery which led to industrialization. ➤ Innovations in transportation led people to travel, work in factories, and live in cities.

➤Their economy is based on services and technology, not production. ➤The economy is dependent on tangible goods, people must education. pursue greater

ELEMENTS OF CULTURE

Refers to things that convey meaning or represent an idea. They are essentials in communication, sharing thoughts and ideas and defining society's culture.

Set of symbols that enables members of the society to communicate verbally and non- verbally.

practical application of knowledge in converting raw materials into finished products.

Anything held to be relatively worthy, important, valuable.

the perception of accepted reality (refers to the existence of things whether material or non-material.

these are established expectations of society as to how a person is supposed to act depending on the requirements of the time, place or situation.

Different forms of Social Norms

the patterns of repetitive behavior which becomes habitual and conventional part of living. For example, we Filipinos eat with our bear hands

the set of ethical standards and moral obligations as dictates of reason distinguishes human acts as right or wrong or good from bad

Norms that legally enacted and enforced

refers to the differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit around the world.

- It is a perception that arises from the fact that cultures differ and each culture defines reality differently. - Judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture.

- The attempt to judge behaviour according to its cultural context - the principle that an individual person's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture