A belief that life seemed to appear out of a decaying organic material. For example, people believed maggots appeared in rotting meat out of the blue. Aristotle supported idea. People believed simple life forms, such as maggots, flies and other small organisms could emerge in organic matter that rots.

Father of Microbiology, Bacteriology

• The very first person to see and visualize a live bacteria and protozoa • He had observed and described microorganism such as bacteria and protozoa as “ANIMALCULES

Anton van Leeuwenhoek had observed and described microorganism such as bacteria and protozoa as?

On his final validation, he demonstrated that when a meat was covered with gauze, it prevented flies from laying eggs. Thus, no maggots appeared on the meat and showed that maggots came from the eggs laid by the flies, not from the meat.

POV: Boiled chicken broth, specifically mutton gravy, to kill any existing microorganisms present in the broth. Then, he sealed the broth in flasks to prevent any contamination. After some time, he had observed that the broth became cloudy, indicating microbial growth.

Like Needham, he made some minor modification the experiment. He boiled the broth for a longer time to ensure that all microorganism was killed. He sealed the flasks in an airtight manner to prevent any contamination from the air. As a result, no microbial growth was observed, even after extended periods it was done. However, when the seal was broken and the air had the chance to be inside, microbial growth occurred in the experiment.

Proposed the use of heat in killing microorganisms. Developed the vaccine against anthrax and rabies. He discovered the processes: Fermentation and Pasteurization.

He claims bacterial spores can be destroyed.  Cycles of moist heat for 3 consecutive days and cooling for days. 100 C for 30 minutes.

He also provided the classification of bacteria into four groups based on its shapes. Shapes: spherical, short rods, threads and spirals

The very first to cultivate a bacterium on meat extracts, broths, gelatin, boiled potatoes and protein. He developed a culture medium.

He is well known for his discovery of Streptomycin and Neomycin

He discovered the lysozyme of a cell

He discovered Bacillus anthracis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Considered as the first true microbiologist

An Italian physician that conducted experiments to challenge the idea of spontaneous generation.

He expounded Redi’s experiment while supporting that Spontaneous Generation Theory.

Challenged Needham’s conclusion and provide more tests to disprove the Spontaneous Generation Theory.

He challenged the Spontaneous Generation Theory with the concept of Biogenesis.

He disproved the Spontaneous Generation Theory with Swan-neck flask experiment.

• Tyndallization The used method of Sterilization during 1860.

He discovered that some bacteria could with stand heating and boiling. These are called endospores, that are commonly observed in the genera such as “Clostridium” and “Bacillus”.

He created the Germ Theory of Diseases (Koch’s postulates). Show evidences that bacteria can cause diseases.

He demonstrated that routine handwashing can help and prevent in the spread of disease.

He introduced the system of antiseptic surgery in Britain. With the use of phenol as an antimicrobial agent for surgical wound dressing.

The Father of Antibiotics

He discovered the Penicillin  From the mold, Pennicillium chrysogenum.

He discovered the treatment of syphilis with Arsenic. Salvarsan (Arsphenamine) • Introduced the treatment as “Magic Bullet”