問題一覧
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• Naturally occurring, inorganic solid substances (element or compound) with a chemical composition and a distinctive set of physical properties
Minerals
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- Two groups of minerals according to presence of Si and O
Silicates (92%) Nonsilicates (8%)
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two types of Silicates (92%)
Ferromagnesian Nonferromagnesian
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types of Nonsilicates (8%)
halides Carbonates Sulfates phosphates Oxides hydroxides Sulfides
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represented by Moh's scale of Hardness
Hardness
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types of hardness
talc gypsum calcite fluorite apatite feldspar quartz topaz corundum diamond
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refers to the tendency of some minerals to break along definite smooth planes
Cleavage
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refers to the property of reflecting light of one or more wavelengths
Color
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refers to the color of the powder of the mineral
Streak
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refers to the appearance of the mineral surface in reflected light
Luster
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type of luster appearance of polished metal
Metallic Luster
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likened to adamantine, greasy, pearly, resinous, silkyy, vitreous, diamond, oily-glass, pearly, yellow resins, silk and glass
Nonmetallic Luster
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refers to the way the atoms or molecules that make up the mineral are arranged internally
Crystalline Structure
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refers to the way mineral breaks
Fracture
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refers to the ability of the minerals to hold together
Tenacity
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is the ratio of the weight of the mineral to the weight of an equal volume of water
Specific Gravity
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refers to the property of possessing a magnetic force field
Magnetism
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refers to the emission of light by a mineral that is being stimulated by the absorption of ultraviolet or X-ray radiation
Fluorescence
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refers to the emission of light by a mineral after the stimulating source (rays or ultraviolet radiation) has been removed
Phosphorescence
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Deposits that have economic value
Ore Minerals
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Native ore minerals
copper, diamond, gold, silver and sulfur
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Includes the precious and semiprecious stones used in jewelry
Gem Minerals
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example of gem minerals
opal, jade, corundum, diamond
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Aggregate of one or more minerals ➤ 20 common rocks ➤ Most are composed of silicate materials ➤ Classified into three major types based upon the way they originate: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic
Rocks
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• Ignis means fire • formed from a hot, molten mass of melted rock materials called magma • About 2/3 of the crust is made up of igneous rocks
Igneous Rock
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Types of Igneous Rock
Silicate Rich Silica Low
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• Formed from particles or dissolved materials of previously existing rocks (by weathering) • Transported by moving water, wind and ice • Deposited as sediments (silt, sand and gravel)
Sedimentary Rock
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Clastic sediments Conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, claystone
Whethered Rock Fragments
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Chemical sediments Most abundant are carbonates: limestone and dolomite
Dissolved Rock Materials
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PROCESS OF CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCK FORMATION
compaction cementation lithification
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Previously existing rocks that have been changed by heat, pressure or hot solutions into a distinctly different rock
Metamorphic Rocks
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METAMORPHISM
MECHANICAL CHANGE CHEMICALCHANGE
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KINDS OF METAMORPHISM
Regional Hydrothermal Thermal Dynamic
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HOW IS METAMORPHIC ROCKS CLASSIFIED?
Texture Mineral composition Foliation