is the act of freely and spontaneously generating ideas, no matter how creative or unrealistic they may be, in order to contribute to the writing process.

are communication tools used to visually organize information and indicate how selected ideas relate to others. These visual aids could also be used in the written text itself, acting as literal pictures of the relevant information to help explore and analyze the relationships between concepts, and potentially generate more. As the term suggests, this particular organization tool relies heavily on transforming information into visual representation so think colors, shapes, arrows etc.

is the simplest graphic organizer to develop, and it shares some similarities to the previously mentioned process of the brainstorming list. But in contrast to the latter's list of linear notes, Mind Maps structure these concepts graphically. Each position and location signal the relationship of information.

is used to compare and contrast at least two different things by highlighting their similarities and differences in relation to each other.

is more systematic in nature because this graphic organizer is used in depicting the steps involved in a process, a system, or an algorithm. Certain fields such as computer science and software engineering strictly designate specific shapes and arrow lines to represent certain steps in the process, and these rules must be observed when making a flowchart for these fields of study.

is a sequential list of all the ideas that would be discussed and mentioned in the finished text, all grouped according to a logical and hierarchical order. Outlines also provide a brief overview of the topics and in what order they would appear.

putting the words in the same grammatical order

arranging ideas according to their value or importance; ideas of the same relevance or value are labeled in the same way

arranging ideas in levels of significance; major and minor

separating the kinds of points you are making by using a consistent basis of division and distinction

It is the active process of constructing meaning from a text.

It is a written material, especially longer pieces of writing; book, letter, newspaper. •Group of ideas put together to make a point or one central idea.

usually means an exchange of ideas, whether written or spoken, between speakers and listeners.

occurs any time one puts together words and phrases to make something meaningful and comprehensive for another person, and it continues as the message is traded and passed on. Discourse finds its completion upon receiving an intended response or reaction.

discourse may aim to inform; such discourse provides a descriptive and comprehensive discussion on the topic. It points out what one should know about a topic or a subject.

discourse that aims to persuade tries to convince the readers that the proposed claim or solution is better than any other proposal.

discourse that aims to amuse; provides a source of entertainment for its readers.

the author grew up in everything from the beliefs, customs, and attitudes they were taught likely contributes to their personal biases.

the author was involved in at the time of writing may have influenced the perspective they were writing from,

the author themselves - because human beings experiences things differently, an author's personal take on specific things might affect his/her interpretation of them.

which is used to tell a story or series of events, often in chronological order, and is generally applied in fiction and non-fiction writing

is used to describe a given subject by relating to the five senses so readers are able to visualize in their minds what that subject looks, sounds, feels, tastes, and smells like.

which is used to inform the readers about the topic of discussion and is often done objectively as much as possible. Exposition is often used to explain and/or expound on the topic.

which is used to convince readers to accept the writer's claim, opinion, or solution by using evidence that reasonably supports it.

generally concerns itself with the field of creative fiction and nonfiction writing, whose texts are often the subject of interpretation and analysis.

which focuses on using language to form themes and convey ideas, while stringing together carefully selected words in appealing patterns. One can find this type of discourse in poems, songs, short fiction stories, and novels.

which uses the personal narrative of the writer to explain their point of view. This is also referred to as creative nonfiction.

which is meant to direct its readers to achieve something or to do something properly, the latter of which often includes a detailed list of instructions on how.

meanwhile, requires a different set of standards particular to the fields of scholarly learning and higher education. It is characterized by the use of formal language, citing facts and evidence as points of discussion, and the use of vocabulary and writing mechanics expected in a particular field of study. To further contrast it it from fro literary writing which can be read by almost anyone, academic discourse has a very specific audience in mind: fellow students, teachers, professors, and other scholarly-minded practitioners.

This is where the writer introduces the problem or issue that needs to be addressed, highlights its relevance and the benefits of giving it attention, and lists the objectives of the discourse and the methods of research. This is also where the thesis statement is stated.

The main body of the paragraph or essay is where the writer presents their research and findings, formulates their arguments, and supports their claims with evidence.